Socio-demographic characteristics and cognitive performance in oldest old subjects asking for driving license renewal

Table 4 Point estimates, standard errors (in parenthesis), and p-values^a from ordinary least-squares multiple regression models on total (or single domain)^b score of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment test (N = 863)

				MoCA test score
	Visuospatial orientation (0–6)	Attention and calculation (0–6)	Long-term memory (0–5)	Language (0–6)	Constructive apraxia (0–2)	Visuospatial functioning (0–3)	Abstraction (0–2)	Total (raw) score (0–30)
Socio-demographic characteristic^c
Intercept	5.783 (0.103)***	4.908 (0.214)***	2.116 (0.368)***	4.771 (0.186)***	0.813 (0.140)***	2.322 (0.149)***	1.368 (0.112)***	22.172 (0.686)***
Age (years)
86	0.060 (0.091)	0.045 (0.189)	0.082 (0.325)	0.109 (0.164)	−0.057 (0.123)	0.143 (0.132)	−0.041 (0.099)	0.360 (0.650)
87	0.063 (0.091)	0.058 (0.188)	−0.061 (0.323)	−0.003 (0.163)	0.066 (0.123)	0.174 (0.131)	0.043 (0.098)	0.274 (0.603)
[88, 90)	−0.003 (0.090)	0.007 (0.185)	−0.132 (0.319)	−0.011 (0.161)	0.044 (0.121)	0.138 (0.130)	−0.021 (0.097)	0.011 (0.595)
[90, 99)	−0.035 (0.091)	0.117 (0.188)	−0.156 (0.324)	0.051 (0.164)	0.075 (0.123)	0.162 (0.132)	−0.059 (0.099)	0.194 (0.604)
Sex - Male	0.074 (0.054)	−0.166 (0.112)	−0.535 (0.193)**	0.014 (0.097)	0.041 (0.073)	−0.060 (0.078)	0.028 (0.059)	−0.711 (0.359)*
Education
≤ Junior high school	0.001 (0.048)	0.526 (0.100)***	0.336 (0.172)^.	0.419 (0.087)***	0.495 (0.065)***	0.198 (0.070)**	0.301 (0.052)***	2.215 (0.321)***
≤ High school graduate	0.039 (0.043)	0.753 (0.089)***	0.518 (0.153)***	0.672 (0.077)***	0.870 (0.058)***	0.296 (0.062)***	0.408 (0.047)***	3.578 (0.286)***
> High school graduate	0.070 (0.044)	0.860 (0.090)***	0.737 (0.155)***	0.803 (0.078)***	0.888 (0.059)***	0.267 (0.063)***	0.524 (0.047)***	4.195 (0.290)***

ABBREVIATIONS: MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment test
^aSignificance codes for the p-values: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘^.’ 0.1 ‘’ 1
^bDomains were presented in the order in which the MMSE test assessed them
^cThe reference categories for each socio-demographic characteristic included in the models were as follows:
Age: [80, 86); Sex: Female; Education: ≤Primary school. For each age category indicated with brackets, the square bracket indicated that the lower value (e.g., 80) was included in the interval, the curved bracket indicated that the upper value (e.g., 86) was excluded from the interval. For details on how age categories were chosen, see the footnote in Table 1

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