Table 5 Statistically significant differences in baseline motor and cognitive performance as well as the use of walking aids between positive, non-, and negative responders in the intervention group (per protocol analysis)
| Â | Negative responders | Non-responders | Positive responders | Between group difference | Post-hoc analysis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | F (dfnumerator, dfdenominator)/ Chi2(df), p | ||
Single task, walking speed | |||||
MMSE (n = 89) | 14.8 (4.0) | 18.5 (3.9) | 16.7 (5.1) | Chi2(2) = 12.093, p = 0.002 | z = −3.472, p = 0.002, r = 0.404 a |
Single task, stride length | |||||
Stride length, cm (n = 89) | 80.3 (19.9) | 89.4 (15.2) | 62.7 (20.0) | F(2,86) = 14.129, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.247 | p = 0.008, MD = -17.60, CI95 [−31.32, − 3.89] b p < 0.001, MD = -26.79, CI95 [− 38.93, −14.65] c |
TUG, sec (n = 89) | 22.9 (10.9) | 19.0 (7.6) | 31.5 (20.0) | Chi2(2) = 8.234, p = 0.016 | z = −2.800, p = 0.015, r = 0.325 c |
MMSE (n = 89) | 14.5 (3.5) | 17.8 (4.3) | 17.4 (5.2) | Chi2(2) = 9.510, p = 0.009 | z = −3.046, p = 0.007, r = 0.354 a |
Single task, double support | |||||
Double support, % of stride time (n = 89) | 36.2 (6.9) | 37.4 (7.3) | 47.3 (10.4) | F(2,86) = 7.721, p = 0.001 ηp2 = 0.152 | p = 0.001, MD = 11.09, CI95 [4.13, 18.05] b p = 0.001, MD = 9.89, CI95 [3.41, 16.37] c |
Modified 30s CST (n = 77) | 7.5 (3.3) | 9.0 (3.7) | 4.8 (1.7) | F(2,74) = 4.508, p = 0.014, ηp2 = 0.109 | p = 0.020, MD = -4.14, CI95 [−7.73, −0.55] c |
MMSE (n = 89) | 15.1 (3.9) | 17.9 (4.3) | 16.3 (5.4) | Chi2(2) = 6.742, p = 0.034 | z = −2.558, p = 0.032, r = 0.286 a |
Dual task, counting backwards, walking speed | |||||
Walking speed, m/sec (n = 62) | 0.63 (0.17) | 0.57 (0.11) | 0.47 (0.15) | F(2,59) = 6.336, p = 0.003, ηp2 = 0.177 | p = 0.001, MD = -15.08, CI95 [−25.35, −4.81] b |
Dual task, counting backwards, stride length | |||||
No statistically significant differences | |||||
Dual task, counting backwards, double support | |||||
Double support, % of stride time (n = 62) | 37.7 (9.2) | 40.0 (7.1) | 47.8 (12.9) | Chi2(2) = 6.496, p = 0.039 | z = −2.532, p = 0.034, r = 0.479 b |
Dual task, naming animals, walking speed | |||||
Walking speed, m/sec (n = 61) | 0.52 (0.11) | 0.47 (0.13) | 0.36 (0.12) | F(2,58) = 9.917, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.255 | p < 0.001, MD = -16.40, CI95 [−25.44, −7.35] b |
TUG, sec (n = 61) | 18.8 (9.2) | 20.8 (16.9) | 24.8 (12.1) | Chi2(2) = 6.360, p = 0.042 | n.s. |
Dual task, naming animals, stride length | |||||
Stride length, cm (n = 61) | 77.9 (14.0) | 71.8 (18.3) | 61.6 (18.3) | F(2,58) = 3.596, p = 0.034, ηp2 = 0.110 | p = 0.031, MD = -16.36, CI95 [−31.46, −1.26] b |
Walking aid, % (n = 61) | 85.7% | 50.0% | 82.4% | Chi2 = 7.540, p = 0.020 |  |
Dual task, naming animals, double support | |||||
Double support, % of stride time (n = 61) | 41.9 (8.6) | 44.7 (7.9) | 53.2 (10.2) | F(2,61) = 6.570, p = 0.003, ηp2 = 0.185 | p = 0.003, MD = 11.35, CI95 [3.38, 19.32] b p = 0.010, MD = 8.55, CI95 [1.79, 15.30] c |