Effects of a 16-week multimodal exercise program on gait performance in individuals with dementia: a multicenter randomized controlled trial

Trautwein, Sandra; Barisch-Fritz, Bettina; Scharpf, Andrea; Ringhof, Steffen; Stein, Thorsten; Krell-Roesch, Janina; Woll, Alexander

doi:10.1186/s12877-020-01635-3

Table 3 Effects of the multimodal exercise program on spatiotemporal gait parameters and dual task costs (per protocol analysis)

From: Effects of a 16-week multimodal exercise program on gait performance in individuals with dementia: a multicenter randomized controlled trial

		Baseline [M (SD)]	Group differences at baseline [t (df), p]	Post [M (SD)]	Difference post – baseline [M (SD), [CI₉₅]]	Within group time effects [t (df), p]	Time*group effects
		Baseline [M (SD)]	Group differences at baseline [t (df), p]	Post [M (SD)]	Difference post – baseline [M (SD), [CI₉₅]]	Within group time effects [t (df), p]	F (df_numerator, df_denominator), p	Effect size η_p²
Single task (IG: n = 89, CG: n = 73)
Walking speed, m/sec	IG	0.67 (0.19)	t(160) = − 1.659, p = 0.099	0.65 (0.22)	− 0.02 (0.13), [− 0.05, 0.00]	t(88) = 1.787, p = 0.077	F(1,160) = 0.036, p = 0.849	0.000
Walking speed, m/sec	CG	0.62 (0.19)	t(160) = − 1.659, p = 0.099	0.60 (0.20)	−0.02 (0.13), [− 0.05, 0.01]	t(72) = 1.373, p = 0.174	F(1,160) = 0.036, p = 0.849	0.000
Stride length, cm	IG	82.6 (19.7)	t(159.875) = −0.842, p = 0.401	80.5 (21.2)	−2.1 (10.9), [−4.4, 0.2]	t(88) = 1.825, p = 0.071	F(1,160) = 0.030, p = 0.863 ^a	0.000
Stride length, cm	CG	80.2 (15.7)	t(159.875) = −0.842, p = 0.401	77.8 (16.9)	−2.4 (10.4), [−4.8, 0.0]	t(72) = 1.973, p = 0.052	F(1,160) = 0.030, p = 0.863 ^a	0.000
Stride time, sec	IG	1.3 (0.2)	t(131.361) = 2.346,p = 0.020	1.3 (0.2)	0.0 (0.2), [0.0, 0.1]	t(88) = − 1.571, p = 0.120	F(1,160) = 0.195, p = 0.660 ^a	0.001
Stride time, sec	CG	1.3 (0.2)	t(131.361) = 2.346,p = 0.020	1.4 (0.3)	0.0 (0.2), [0.0, 0.1]	t(72) = −0.853, p = 0.397	F(1,160) = 0.195, p = 0.660 ^a	0.001
Double support, % of stride time	IG	38.0 (8.1)	t(160) = 1.289, p = 0.199	39.2 (8.4)	1.1 (4.9), [0.1, 2.2]	t(88) = −2.182,p = 0.032	F(1,160) = 0.005, p = 0.943	0.000
Double support, % of stride time	CG	39.6 (7.4)	t(160) = 1.289, p = 0.199	40.8 (7.3)	1.2 (4.9), [0.0, 2.3]	t(72) = −2.070,p = 0.042	F(1,160) = 0.005, p = 0.943	0.000
Stance phase, % of stride time	IG	68.9 (4.1)	t(160) = 1.368, p = 0.173	69.5 (4.4)	0.6 (2.5), [0.1, 1.1]	t(88) = −2.208,p = 0.030	F(1,160) = 0.004, p = 0.949	0.000
Stance phase, % of stride time	CG	69.8 (4.1)	t(160) = 1.368, p = 0.173	70.4 (4.2)	0.6 (3.1), [−0.2, 1.3]	t(72) = − 1.543, p = 0.127	F(1,160) = 0.004, p = 0.949	0.000
Dual task, counting backwards (IG: n = 62, CG: n = 52)
Walking speed, m/sec	IG	0.55 (0.16)	t(112) = −2.236,p = 0.027	0.54 (0.16)	−0.02 (0.14), [− 0.06, 0.02]	t(61) = 1.001, p = 0.321	F(1,112) = 0.101, p = 0.752	0.001
Walking speed, m/sec	CG	0.48 (0.17)	t(112) = −2.236,p = 0.027	0.47 (0.16)	−0.01 (0.15), [− 0.05, 0.03]	t(51) = 0.470, p = 0.641	F(1,112) = 0.101, p = 0.752	0.001
Stride length, cm	IG	78.2 (19.1)	t(112) = −1.407, p = 0.162	78.8 (19.5)	0.5 (11.6), [−2.4, 3.5]	t(61) = −0.359, p = 0.721	F(1,112) = 0.193, p = 0.661	0.002
Stride length, cm	CG	73.5 (16.6)	t(112) = −1.407, p = 0.162	75.1 (16.6)	1.6 (15.3), [−2.6, 5.9]	t(51) = −0.773, p = 0.443	F(1,112) = 0.193, p = 0.661	0.002
Stride time, sec	IG	1.5 (0.3)	t(95.044) = 2.446,p = 0.016	1.5 (0.4)	0.1 (0.4), [0.0, 0.2]	t(61) = −1.605, p = 0.114	F(1,112) = 0.253, p = 0.616 ^{a, b}	0.002
Stride time, sec	CG	1.6 (0.3)	t(95.044) = 2.446,p = 0.016	1.7 (0.5)	0.1 (0.4), [0.0, 0.2]	t(51) = −2.149,p = 0.036	F(1,112) = 0.253, p = 0.616 ^{a, b}	0.002
Double support, % of stride time	IG	40.6 (9.3)	t(112) = 2.110,p = 0.037	41.3 (8.7)	0.7 (5.9), [−0.8, 2.2]	t(61) = −0.998, p = 0.322	F(1,112) = 0.042, p = 0.839	0.000
Double support, % of stride time	CG	44.2 (9.1)	t(112) = 2.110,p = 0.037	44.7 (9.0)	0.5 (7.4), [−1.6, 2.6]	t(51) = −0.481, p = 0.632	F(1,112) = 0.042, p = 0.839	0.000
Stance phase, % of stride time	IG	70.3 (5.2)	t(112) = 1.850, p = 0.067	70.4 (4.7)	0.2 (2.9), [−0.6, 0.9]	t(61) = −0.414, p = 0.680	F(1,112) = 0.009, p = 0.925 ^b	0.000
Stance phase, % of stride time	CG	72.1 (5.2)	t(112) = 1.850, p = 0.067	72.3 (5.2)	0.2 (4.3), [−1.0, 1.4]	t(51) = −0.359, p = 0.721	F(1,112) = 0.009, p = 0.925 ^b	0.000
Dual-task costs, counting backwards (IG: n = 62, CG: n = 52)
Walking speed, %	IG	−20.5 (15.2)	t(112) = −1.105, p = 0.271	−21.0 (15.5)	−0.6 (16.6), [−4.8, 3.6]	t(61) = 0.278, p = 0.782	F(1,112) = 0.053, p = 0.818	0.000
Walking speed, %	CG	−23.5 (14.0)	t(112) = −1.105, p = 0.271	−23.4 (17.3)	0.1 (17.3), [−4.7, 5.0]	t(51) = −0.061, p = 0.952	F(1,112) = 0.053, p = 0.818	0.000
Stride length, %	IG	−8.8 (11.7)	t(112) = −0.853, p = 0.395	−7.0 (9.4)	1.7 (13.0), [−1.6, 5.0]	t(61) = − 1.042, p = 0.302	F(1,112) = 0.759, p = 0.386 ^b	0.007
Stride length, %	CG	−10.5 (9.9)	t(112) = −0.853, p = 0.395	−6.6 (14.6)	3.9 (13.6), [0.1, 7.7]	t(51) = −2.064,p = 0.044	F(1,112) = 0.759, p = 0.386 ^b	0.007
Stride time, %	IG	17.3 (17.3)	t(112) = 0.806, p = 0.422	21.0 (23.9)	3.7 (25.7), [−2.8, 10.2]	t(61) = −1.130, p = 0.263	F(1,112) = 0.257, p = 0.613	0.002
Stride time, %	CG	19.9 (17.1)	t(112) = 0.806, p = 0.422	25.9 (24.3)	6.0 (22.8), [−0.3, 12.4]	t(51) = −1.905, p = 0.062	F(1,112) = 0.257, p = 0.613	0.002
Double support, %	IG	11.0 (14.3)	t(112) = 0.305, p = 0.761	11.9 (12.8)	1.0 (15.5), [−3.0, 4.9]	t(61) = −0.491, p = 0.625	F(1,112) = 0.081, p = 0.776	0.001
Double support, %	CG	11.7 (10.8)	t(112) = 0.305, p = 0.761	11.8 (14.8)	0.1 (15.1), [−4.1, 4.3]	t(51) = −0.069, p = 0.945	F(1,112) = 0.081, p = 0.776	0.001
Stance phase, %	IG	3.1 (4.5)	t(112) = 0.095, p = 0.924	2.9 (3.6)	−0.2 (4.8), [−1.4, 1.1]	t(61) = 0.252, p = 0.802	F(1,112) = 0.130, p = 0.719	0.001
Stance phase, %	CG	3.1 (3.7)	t(112) = 0.095, p = 0.924	3.3 (4.8)	0.2 (5.5), [−1.3, 1.7]	t(51) = −0.254, p = 0.800	F(1,112) = 0.130, p = 0.719	0.001
Dual task, naming animals (IG: n = 61, CG: n = 59)
Walking speed, m/sec	IG	0.45 (0.14)	t(118) = −1.797, p = 0.075	0.43 (0.13)	−0.01 (0.12), [− 0.04, 0.02]	t(60) = 0.805, p = 0.424	F(1,118) = 0.972, p = 0.326	0.008
Walking speed, m/sec	CG	0.40 (0.14)	t(118) = −1.797, p = 0.075	0.41 (0.13)	0.01 (0.12), [−0.02, 0.04]	t(58) = −0.593, p = 0.555	F(1,118) = 0.972, p = 0.326	0.008
Stride length, cm	IG	70.4 (18.1)	t(118) = −1.415, p = 0.160	71.2 (17.7)	0.9 (11.0), [−2.0, 3.7]	t(60) = −0.620, p = 0.538	F(1,118) = 0.040, p = 0.841	0.000
Stride length, cm	CG	65.9 (16.3)	t(118) = −1.415, p = 0.160	66.3 (14.9)	0.4 (13.2), [−3.0, 3.9]	t(58) = −0.252, p = 0.802	F(1,118) = 0.040, p = 0.841	0.000
Stride time, sec	IG	1.6 (0.4)	t(118) = 1.480, p = 0.141	1.7 (0.4)	0.1 (0.3), [0.0, 0.2]	t(60) = −1.823, p = 0.073	F(1,118) = 3.448, p = 0.066	0.028
Stride time, sec	CG	1.7 (0.5)	t(118) = 1.480, p = 0.141	1.7 (0.5)	0.0 (0.3), [−0.1, 0.1]	t(58) = 0.801, p = 0.426	F(1,118) = 3.448, p = 0.066	0.028
Double support, % of stride time	IG	45.9 (9.4)	t(118) = 1.526, p = 0.130	45.2 (8.6)	−0.7 (7.1), [−2.5, 1.1]	t(60) = 0.758, p = 0.452	F(1,118) = 0.085, p = 0.771	0.001
Double support, % of stride time	CG	48.5 (9.5)	t(118) = 1.526, p = 0.130	48.2 (8.6)	−0.3 (7.2), [−2.2, 1.6]	t(58) = 0.326, p = 0.746	F(1,118) = 0.085, p = 0.771	0.001
Stance phase, % of stride time	IG	72.4 (4.7)	t(118) = 2.233, p = 0.027	72.3 (4.4)	−0.1 (3.9), [−1.1, 0.9]	t(60) = 0.241, p = 0.810	F(1,118) = 0.107, p = 0.744	0.001
Stance phase, % of stride time	CG	74.5 (5.5)	t(118) = 2.233, p = 0.027	74.1 (5.1)	−0.3 (3.7), [−1.3, 0.6]	t(58) = 0.727, p = 0.470	F(1,118) = 0.107, p = 0.744	0.001
Dual-task costs, naming animals (IG: n = 60, CG: n = 59)
Walking speed, %	IG	−34.4 (15.9)	t(117) = −0.520, p = 0.604	−32.4 (18.6)	2.0 (19.7), [− 3.1, 7.1]	t(59) = − 0.776, p = 0.441	F(1,117) = 0.696, p = 0.406 ^a	0.006
Walking speed, %	CG	−35.9 (16.0)	t(117) = −0.520, p = 0.604	−31.2 (14.6)	4.8 (16.6), [0.4, 9.1]	t(58) = −2.204, p = 0.032	F(1,117) = 0.696, p = 0.406 ^a	0.006
Stride length, %	IG	−17.9 (11.1)	t(117) = −0.406, p = 0.685	− 14.3 (12.4)	3.7 (15.4), [− 0.3, 7.6]	t(59) = − 1.842, p = 0.070	F(1,117) = 0.007, p = 0.931	0.000
Stride length, %	CG	−18.8 (12.5)	t(117) = −0.406, p = 0.685	−14.9 (12.7)	3.9 (12.9), [0.5, 7.3]	t(58) = −2.316,p = 0.024	F(1,117) = 0.007, p = 0.931	0.000
Stride time, %	IG	30.1 (27.1)	t(117) = 0.326, p = 0.745	33.2 (29.8)	3.2 (30.3), [−4.7, 11.0]	t(59) = −0.807, p = 0.423	F(1,117) = 2.558, p = 0.112 ^b	0.021
Stride time, %	CG	31.6 (24.6)	t(117) = 0.326, p = 0.745	27.2 (22.7)	−4.4 (20.4), [−9.7, 0.9]	t(58) = 1.669, p = 0.100	F(1,117) = 2.558, p = 0.112 ^b	0.021
Double support, %	IG	25.4 (17.6)	t(117) = −0.643, p = 0.522	21.5 (17.8)	−3.9 (21.7), [− 9.5, 1.7]	t(59) = 1.401, p = 0.166	F(1,117) = 0.005, p = 0.946	0.000
Double support, %	CG	23.4 (15.6)	t(117) = −0.643, p = 0.522	19.3 (16.2)	−4.2 (15.7), [−8.3, −0.1]	t(58) = 2.027,p = 0.047	F(1,117) = 0.005, p = 0.946	0.000
Stance phase, %	IG	6.3 (4.5)	t(117) = 0.832, p = 0.407	5.5 (5.0)	−0.7 (6.0), [−2.3, 0.8]	t(59) = 0.986, p = 0.337	F(1,117) = 0.389, p = 0.534	0.003
Stance phase, %	CG	7.0 (4.9)	t(117) = 0.832, p = 0.407	5.6 (4.6)	−1.4 (4.8), [−2.6, −0.1]	t(58) = 2.183,p = 0.033	F(1,117) = 0.389, p = 0.534	0.003

Statistically significant results appear bold for α = 0.05. When considering adjusted significance levels using Bonferroni-Holm correction for multiple comparisons, no statistically significant results were observed
CG: control group, CI₉₅: 95% confidence interval, df: degrees of freedom, IG: intervention group, M: mean, n: number, SD: standard deviation
^avariance homogeneity not fulfilled
^bcovariance homogeneity not fulfilled

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