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Table 4 MANOVA Results of Between-Subjects Effects for Open-Skilled, Closed-Skilled and No Physical Activity Groups

From: Cognitive function of older adults engaging in physical activity

Dependent Variable

Without Adjustments

Adjusted for Age

Adjusted for Gender

Adjusted for Age and Gender

P = .003

η2 = .46

Significant Pairwise Comparisons (p-value)

P = .003

η2 = .47

Significant Pairwise Comparisons (p-value)

P = .002

η2 = .48

Significant Pairwise Comparisons –(p-value)

P = .002

η2 = .48

Significant Pairwise Comparisons (p-value)

RBANS IM Index

.575

.019

 

.726

.023

 

.170

.084

 

.276

.086

 

RBANS DM Index

.813

.007

 

.675

.026

 

.195

.078

 

.231

.094

 

Trail Making A

.505

.023

 

.323

.059

 

.516

.039

 

.373

.072

 

Trail Making B

.125

.069

Open

No PA = .070#

.031*

.143

 

.027

.148

Open

No PA = .049*

.008*

.214

Open

No PA = .067#

Benton Judgement of Line Orientation

.001**

.230

Closed

No PA < .001**

.001**

.262

Closed

No PA < .001**

<.001**

.270

Closed

No PA < .001**

<.001**

.298

Closed

No PA < .001**

Open

No PA = .006*

Open

No PA = .004*

Open

No PA = .006*

Open

No PA = .004*

Digit Span Forward

.126

.069

Closed

No PA = .045

.229

.072

Closed

No PA = .052#

.174

.083

Closed

No PA = .038*

.269

.087

Closed

No PA = .044*

Digit Span Backward

.427

.029

 

.639

.029

 

.639

.029

 

.795

.029

 

Stroop (W)

.083

.082

Open

No PA = .032*

.120

.097

Open

No PA = .027*

.130

.094

Open

No PA = .030*

.167

.134

Open

No PA = .024*

Stroop (C)

.039*

.106

Closed

No PA = .015*

.024*

.151

Closed

No PA = .021*

.039*

.136

Open

No PA = .078#

.158

.026*

.110

.177

Closed

No PA = .027*

Closed

No PA = .020*

Stroop (CW)

.019*

.128

Open

No PA = .006*

.033*

.141

Open

No PA = .007*

.038*

.136

Open

No PA = .005*

.058#

.058#

.148

.148

Open

No PA = .007*

Open

Closed = .079#

Open

Closed = .078#

Open

Closed = .068#

SRL-SRS

 – Planning

.646

.015

 

.833

.015

 

.789

.018

 

.903

.018

 

 – Self-Monitoring

.300

.041

 

.444

.046

 

.468

.043

 

.595

.048

 

 – Evaluation

.124

.069

Open

No PA = .043*

.185

.081

Open

No PA = .052#

.127

.094

Open

No PA = .037*

  

Open

No PA = .045*

 – Reflection

.358

.035

 

.467

.043

 

.528

.038

 

.602

.047

 

 – Effort

.347

.036

 

.364

.054

 

.550

.036

 

.528

.054

 

 – Self-Efficacy

.243

.048

 

.410

.049

 

.394

.051

 

.554

.052

 

SRQ

.366

.034

 

.549

.036

 

.332

.058

 

.483

.059

 
  1. Open Open-skilled physical activity group, Closed Closed-skilled physical activity group, No PA No physical activity group, RBANS IM Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status: Immediate Memory, RBANS DM Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status: Delayed Memory, W Word, C Colour, CW Colour-Word, SRL-SRS Self-Regulation of Learning Self-Report Scale, SRQ Self-Regulation Questionnaire
  2. P = Probability based on α=0.05, significant values in bold; **Indicates significance at the 0.001 level and *Indicates significance at the 0.05 level. #Indicates borderline significance
  3. ^ Participation in Physical Activity includes number of years of engagement in physical activity, total number of hours and total number of sessions of engagement per week