Fig. 3

Kaplan-Meier survival curves by cognitive impairment and SPPB status (n = 542). Patients were divided into groups of RP, CI, PF^a and CF^b via the combination of the MMSE + CDT and SPPB (log-rank χ² = 15.43; P < 0.001). Pairwise comparisons with adjustment for multiple comparisons demonstrated significant differences between the CF^b and RP groups (χ² = 13.74; P < 0.001), and the PF^a and RP groups (χ² = 10.93;P = 0.001), with no significant difference noted between the CI and RP groups (χ² = 0.09; P = 0.760). ^a Lower SPPB. ^b Lower SPPB + cognitive impairment. RP, robust patients; CI, cognitive impairment; PF, physical frailty; CF, cognitive frailty; SPPB, short physical performance battery; MMSE, mini-mental state examination; CDT, clock drawing test