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Table 3 Primary and secondary outcome measures of sitting as well as static and dynamic standing sessions (average ± standard deviation)

From: Feasibility and behavioral effects of prolonged static and dynamic standing as compared to sitting in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus

 

Sitting

Static standing

Dynamic standing

Pcondition (partial η2)

Δ Static - Sitting

Δ Dynamic - Sitting

Primary outcome:

 Oxygen uptake VO2 (ml/min/kg)

3.3 ± 0.6

4.2 ± 0.6*

4.4 ± 0.6*

< 0.001 (0.788)

0.87 ± 0.47

1.08 ± 0.49¥

Secondary outcome

 TMT1: Visual Scanning (sec)

26.8 ± 9.9

23.3 ± 3.8

24.6 ± 7.4

0.228

−3.47 ± 8.18

−2.19 ± 7.45

 TMT2: Number Sequencing (sec)

43.6 ± 10.9

32.9 ± 11.7*

37.0 ± 17.9

0.022 (0.293)

−10.71 ± 11.58

−6.53 ± 14.42

 TMT3: Letter Sequencing (sec)

42.6 ± 13.2

34.9 ± 9.2

36.1 ± 15.5

0.055

−7.72 ± 11.39

−6.55 ± 11.25

 TMT4: Number-Letter Switching (sec)

93.0 ± 43.5

80.7 ± 53.0

90.6 ± 53.3

0.221

−12.28 ± 17.54

−2.41 ± 27.58

 TMT5: Motor Speed (sec)

36.9 ± 11.0

33.9 ± 14.0

31.8 ± 12.7*

0.022 (0.292)

−2.93 ± 6.37

−5.09 ± 6.38

 Stroop1: Word naming/reading (sec)

54.8 ± 7.3

51.6 ± 7.9*

52.3 ± 8.8$

0.032 (0.269)

−3.17 ± 4.02

−2.42 ± 4.08

 Stroop2: Color naming (sec)

72.3 ± 16.9

67.4 ± 17.1*

68.0 ± 15.8*

0.018 (0.306)

−4.83 ± 6.51

−4.25 ± 4.90

 Stroop3: Verbal response inhibition (sec)

123.2 ± 28.6

109.8 ± 23.8*

114.2 ± 33.6$

0.013 (0.328)

−13.42 ± 9.55

−9.00 ± 16.83

 Stroop4: Inhibition/switching (sec)

142.6 ± 30.8

123.1 ± 25.6*

125.1 ± 35.5*

0.001 (0.457)

−19.50 ± 12.60

−17.50 ± 20.98

  1. Note: TMT Trail Making Test; Main effects are reported in the results section, however, post hoc tests are represented as follows: different from Sitting: *p < 0.05 ($ trend < 0.10); different from Static standing: #p < 0.05 ( trend < 0.10)