From: Relationships of self-management abilities to loneliness among older people: a cross-sectional study
Characteristic | Mean (SE) or frequency | n |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | 67.96 (0.05) | 20,742 |
Gender (male) | 47.9% | 20,742 |
Marital status (married) | 71.9% | 20,442 |
Educational level | Â | 19,088 |
 Low | 53.4% |  |
 Medium | 25.3% |  |
 High | 21.3% |  |
No chronic illness/condition | 47.9% | 20,475 |
SMAS-S scores | ||
 Taking initiatives | 4.31 (0.01) range 1–6 | 19,961 |
 Investment behavior | 4.58 (0.01) range 1–6 | 19,937 |
 Variety of resources | 3.66 (0.01) range 1–6 | 19,822 |
 Multifunctionality | 4.04 (0.01) range 1–6 | 19,902 |
 Self-efficacy | 4.27 (0.01) range 1–6 | 19,941 |
 Positive frame of mind | 4.02 (0.01) range 1–6 | 19,943 |
Loneliness scale scores | ||
 Emotional loneliness | 1.51 (0.02) range 0–6 | 18,758 |
 Social loneliness | 2.03 (0.02) range 0–5 | 18,982 |