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Table 1 Background characteristics and self-management ability and loneliness scale scores for the study population

From: Relationships of self-management abilities to loneliness among older people: a cross-sectional study

Characteristic

Mean (SE) or frequency

n

Age (years)

67.96 (0.05)

20,742

Gender (male)

47.9%

20,742

Marital status (married)

71.9%

20,442

Educational level

 

19,088

 Low

53.4%

 

 Medium

25.3%

 

 High

21.3%

 

No chronic illness/condition

47.9%

20,475

SMAS-S scores

 Taking initiatives

4.31 (0.01) range 1–6

19,961

 Investment behavior

4.58 (0.01) range 1–6

19,937

 Variety of resources

3.66 (0.01) range 1–6

19,822

 Multifunctionality

4.04 (0.01) range 1–6

19,902

 Self-efficacy

4.27 (0.01) range 1–6

19,941

 Positive frame of mind

4.02 (0.01) range 1–6

19,943

Loneliness scale scores

 Emotional loneliness

1.51 (0.02) range 0–6

18,758

 Social loneliness

2.03 (0.02) range 0–5

18,982

  1. SMAS-S Self-Management Ability Scale Short version