Table 7 Participant characteristics by frailty transition group and sex (N = 788)

No. of Subject

76

108

74

117

40

63

15

26

109

160

Age, years ⁺

78.1 (4.3)

77.2 (4.4)

79.2 (5.1)

79.0 (5.2)

79.3 (5.0)

79.7 (5.6)

80.8 (5.8)

81.6 (6.3)

78.5 (4.9)

79.0 (5.1)

US Born ^‡*

44 (57.9%)

72 (66.7%)

32 (43.2%)

74 (63.2%)

22 (55.0%)

32 (50.8%)

8 (53.3%)

19 (73.1%)

55 (50.5%)

101 (63.1%)

Married ^‡*

60 (78.9%)

36 (33.3%)

44 (59.5%)

42 (35.9%)

27 (67.5%)

17 (27.0%)

7 (46.7%)

5 (19.2%)

84 (77.1%)

50 (31.3%)

Education, years ⁺

5.2 (4.0)

5.4 (4.2)

3.8 (3.2)

4.8 (4.0)

4.6 (3.5)

4.9 (3.3)

2.6 (2.9)

3.3 (2.6)

4.5 (4.0)

4.4 (3.5)

BMI, kg/m2 ⁺*

26.9 (4.1)

28.8 (5.1)

28.1 (4.4)

29.0 (5.5)

27.6 (5.2)

28.7 (6.1)

26.2 (5.3)

30.4 (7.9)

26.8 (4.0)

28.0 (6.5)

ADL Total Score ⁺*

0.1 (0.4)

0.3 (1.3)

0.3 (1.1)

0.7 (1.7)

0.4 (1.3)

0.6 (1.6)

1.1 (1.9)

1.8 (2.2)

0.2 (1.0)

0.6 (1.4)

MMSE Total Score ⁺

23.2 (4.7)

23.2 (4.8)

22.5 (5.0)

22.1 (5.8)

21.3 (5.4)

22.1 (5.7)

19.3 (6.2)

19.2 (5.6)

21.2 (5.8)

22.2 (5.5)

MMSE < 21 ^‡

23 (30.3%)

29 (26.9%)

24 (32.4%)

41 (35.0%)

15 (37.5%)

24 (38.7%)

N/A

15 (57.7%)

52 (48.1%)

56 (35.2%)

CES-D (Total) ⁺*

2.7 (3.7)

3.9 (4.4)

5.2 (5.2)

6.8 (6.3)

5.3 (5.4)

6.7 (6.8)

8.7 (7.4)

12.7 (10.5)

5.8 (7.3)

7.8 (8.4)

> = 1 Comorbidity ^‡*

54 (71.1%)

91 (84.3%)

62 (83.8%)

107 (91.5%)

34 (85.0%)

55 (87.3%)

13 (86.7%)

26 (100.0%)

91 (83.5%)

137 (85.6%)

Hospitalization ^‡

N/A

16 (14.8%)

11 (14.9%)

29 (24.8%)

N/A

14 (22.2%)

N/A

N/A

32 (29.4%)

29 (18.1%)

ER admission ^‡*

14 (18.4%)

46 (42.6%)

17 (23.0%)

38 (32.5%)

13 (32.5%)

24 (38.1%)

N/A

N/A

32 (29.4%)

56 (35.0%)

Physician visit ⁺*

6.7 (7.7)

9.0 (6.2)

6.9 (6.8)

10.3 (7.5)

7.9 (5.7)

9.0 (7.0)

7.8 (6.3)

10.5 (9.0)

9.7 (7.8)

10.0 (8.7)

Total payment^&+

4007.9 (9567.3)

6141.3 (13,379.4)

8362.1 (19,657.1)

9067.3 (18,842.9)

6239.0 (9853.9)

8584.2 (19,317.4)

11,409.2 (14,248.9)

9508.8 (14,723.1)

13,263.5 (28,690.8)

9260.0 (21,187.9)

Outpatient payment⁺

2240.4 (2726.3)

3149.4 (3438.9)

2525.9 (3751.9)

5148.5 (9144.2)

3344.8 (2892.1)

3179.3 (3533.6)

3692.3 (2764.2)

3666.6 (3393.9)

4661.3 (4791.7)

3778.8 (5711.1)

 Evaluation and Management *

58 (76.3%)

105 (97.2%)

59 (79.7%)

112 (95.7%)

37 (92.5%)

57 (90.5%)

14 (93.3%)

25 (96.2%)

101 (92.7%)

157 (98.1%)

 Pathology and Laboratory *

55 (72.4%)

100 (92.6%)

49 (66.2%)

108 (92.3%)

32 (80.0%)

49 (77.8%)

14 (93.3%)

23 (88.5%)

93 (85.3%)

146 (91.3%)

 Medicine *

48 (63.2%)

92 (85.2%)

48 (64.9%)

107 (91.5%)

30 (75.0%)

54 (85.7%)

15 (100.0%)

21 (80.8%)

89 (81.7%)

137 (85.6%)

 Radiology *

42 (55.3%)

86 (79.6%)

42 (56.8%)

95 (81.2%)

27 (67.5%)

46 (73.0%)

13 (86.7%)

19 (73.1%)

75 (68.8%)

123 (76.9%)

 Surgery

30 (39.5%)

54 (50.0%)

29 (39.2%)

66 (56.4%)

26 (65.0%)

29 (46.0%)

12 (80.0%)

18 (69.2%)

63 (57.8%)

78 (48.8%)