Sensor-based characterization of daily walking: a new paradigm in pre-frailty/frailty assessment

BMC Geriatrics

Table 3 Gait performance parameters for 60s continuous walks, one-way ANOVA results, and Cohen’s d effect sizes between non-frail(N) and pre-frail(P)/frail(F) groups

Parameter	Non-frail (N) (n = 40)			Pre-frail/Frail (P/F) (n = 54)			p-value (Eff. size)
Parameter	Non-frail (N) (n = 40)			Pre-frail/Frail (P/F) (n = 54)			N vs. P/F
Temporal Gait Parameters
Step-time (s)	0.56	±	0.05	0.61	±	0.06	< 0.001 (0.91)
Stride-time (s)	1.13	±	0.09	1.23	±	0.12	< 0.001 (0.92)
Time Domain Gait Variability
Step variability (%)	10.79	±	2.80	10.95	±	3.36	0.812 (0.05)
Stride variability (%)	9.16	±	2.94	8.74	±	3.04	0.509 (0.13)
Frequency-domain Gait Variability
PSD max (W/Hz)	0.17	±	0.16	0.07	±	0.07	< 0.001 (0.90)
PSD width (Hz)	0.22	±	0.10	0.21	±	0.03	0.446 (0.17)
PSD slope (W)	1.24	±	1.21	0.48	±	0.49	< 0.001 (0.90)
Dominant frequency (Hz)	1.90	±	0.16	1.73	±	0.18	< 0.001 (0.97)
Gait Asymmetry
Asymmetry 1	1.10	±	0.14	1.05	±	0.21	0.229 (0.26)
Asymmetry 2	0.09	±	0.07	0.08	±	0.06	0.625 (0.10)
Gait Irregularity
Time delay (ms)	145.39	±	14.90	156.25	±	23.86	0.124 (0.33)
Sample entropy (bits)	0.93	±	0.28	1.00	±	0.29	0.225 (0.25)
Continuous Walk Quantitative Measures
Number of continuous walks	13.25	±	11.22	10.63	±	10.43	0.112 (0.33)
Total continuous walking duration (s)	4042.33	±	3012.86	2436.79	±	1988.46	0.001 (0.70)
Max walking bout (s)	475.62	±	512.27	216.98	±	228.95	0.001 (0.77)
Max number of continuous steps	1867.58	±	1735.98	896.63	±	1055.53	0.001 (0.78)
Walking bout variability (%)	252.74	±	110.51	195.88	±	73.98	0.002 (0.69)
Duration of non-continuous walks (% total of walking duration)	41.82	±	27.85	47.25	±	42.39	0.482 (0.15)

ISSN: 1471-2318