Non-exercise based estimation of cardiorespiratory fitness is inversely associated with metabolic syndrome in a representative sample of Korean adults

Table 1 Descriptive statistics of study participants

Characteristic	Women (N = 13,400)	Men (N = 9885)	Total (N = 23,285)
Age (years)	49.1 ± 16.1	49.0 ± 15.8	49.0 ± 16.0
Body mass index (kg/m²)^a	23.4 ± 3.5	24.0 ± 3.1	23.7 ± 3.3
Waist circumference (cm)^a	78.8 ± 10.0	84.6 ± 8.9	81.2 ± 9.9
Skeletal muscle index (%)^a	27.0 ± 2.7	34.1 ± 3.0	30.0 ± 4.5
Physical activity (METs-minutes/week)^a	2399.8 ± 3931.1	3299.4 ± 4885.4	2781.7 ± 4384.3
Resting heart rate (beats/min)^a	71.4 ± 9.1	70.1 ± 9.6	70.8 ± 9.3
eCRF (ml/kg/min)^a	29.0 ± 7.8	39.6 ± 7.6	33.5 ± 9.3
Systolic BP (mmHg)^a	116.7 ± 18.1	121.8 ± 15.9	118.8 ± 17.4
Diastolic BP (mmHg)^a	74.3 ± 10.3	79.7 ± 10.6	76.6 ± 10.7
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)^a	189.4 ± 36.6	187.5 ± 35.7	188.6 ± 36.3
HDL-C (mg/dL)^a	50.8 ± 11.6	45.8 ± 10.8	48.7 ± 11.5
Triglycerides (mg/dL)^a	115.8 ± 81.6	159.7 ± 136.7	134.5 ± 110.6
Glucose (mg/dL)^a	96.1 ± 21.7	100.3 ± 25.3	97.9 ± 23.4
Insulin (μU/mL)^a	10.1 ± 5.9	9.9 ± 5.6	10.0 ± 5.8
HbA1c (%)^a	6.1 ± 1.2	6.2 ± 1.3	6.2 ± 1.3
HOMA-IR	2.5 ± 2.3	2.5 ± 1.8	2.5 ± 2.1
Vitamin D (ng/mL)^a	17.2 ± 6.4	19.8 ± 6.9	18.3 ± 6.7
Caloric intake (kcal/day)^a	1648 ± 641	2297 ± 922	1907 ± 829
Protein (g/day)^a	57.9 ± 29.3	82.5 ± 43.7	67.7 ± 37.7
Fat (g/day)^a	30.9 ± 24.1	45.3 ± 35.6	36.6 ± 30.1
Carbohydrate (g/day)^a	285.6 ± 111.5	354.9 ± 127.1	313.2 ± 122.7
Current/past smokers, n (%)^a	1297 (9.7)	7808 (79.0)	9105 (39.1)
Heavy drinking, n (%)^a	619 (4.6)	2389 (24.2)	3008 (13.0)

BP blood pressure, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, eCRF non-exercise-based estimation of cardiorespiratory fitness, HOMA homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance
^aSignificant difference between men and women (p < 0.001)

ISSN: 1471-2318