Ocular biomarkers for cognitive impairment in nonagenarians; a prospective cross-sectional study

van de Kreeke, Jacoba A.; Legdeur, Nienke; Badissi, Maryam; Nguyen, H. Ton; Konijnenberg, Elles; Tomassen, Jori; ten Kate, Mara; den Braber, Anouk; Maier, Andrea B.; Tan, H. Stevie; Verbraak, Frank D.; Visser, Pieter Jelle

doi:10.1186/s12877-020-01556-1

BMC Geriatrics

Table 3 Differences in ocular biomarkers of both nonagenarian groups compared to the younger control group

From: Ocular biomarkers for cognitive impairment in nonagenarians; a prospective cross-sectional study

	Estimated marginal mean of controls	Mean difference compared to controls
	Estimated marginal mean of controls	Healthy nonagenarians	SE	p-value	CI nonagenarians	SE	p-value
Macular retinal layer thickness:
Total RT inner ring (μm)	340.1	*−18.0*	*3.0*	*< 0.001*	*−22.5*	*5.0*	*< 0.001*
Total RT outer ring (μm)	294.8	*−12.7*	*2.4*	*< 0.001*	*−18.1*	*3.7*	*< 0.001*
RNFL inner ring (μm)	21.9	*1.0*	*0.5*	*0.032*	0.4	0.7	0.559
RNFL outer ring (μm)	36.3	0.2	0.9	0.829	− 0.7	1.2	0.549
GCL inner ring (μm)	49.8	*−6.1*	*0.9*	*< 0.001*	*− 6.5*	*1.7*	*< 0.001*
GCL outer ring (μm)	34.2	*−4.2*	*0.6*	*< 0.001*	*− 4.1*	*1.2*	*0.001*
IPL inner ring (μm)	41.0	*−4.5*	*0.6*	*< 0.001*	*−5.2*	*0.9*	*< 0.001*
IPL outer ring (μm)	28.4	*−2.9*	*0.4*	*< 0.001*	*−3.5*	*0.8*	*< 0.001*
Peripapillary RNFL:
Average (μm)	96.9	*−8.6*	*1.6*	*< 0.001*	*−7.7*	*2.5*	*0.002*
Nasal superior (μm)	103.7	*−13.1*	*3.0*	*< 0.001*	−7.1	4.9	0.145
Nasal (μm)	73.3	*−6.5*	*2.3*	*0.004*	−3.1	3.3	0.349
Nasal inferior (μm)	110.4	*−8.7*	*3.7*	*0.018*	−8.1	4.4	0.066
Temporal inferior (μm)	138.6	*−15.4*	*3.3*	*< 0.001*	*−16.7*	*4.1*	*< 0.001*
Temporal (μm)	70.7	−1.4	2.0	0.486	−4.1	2.5	0.108
Temporal superior (μm)	132.2	*−13.5*	*2.9*	*< 0.001*	*−13.8*	*4.1*	*0.001*
Retinal vascular parameters:
CRAE	126.8	*−3.1*	*1.5*	*0.038*	*−6.4*	*2.4*	*0.009*
CRVE	195.3	*−10.9*	*3.0*	*< 0.001*	*−14.4*	*4.2*	*0.001*
AVR	0.652	*0.024*	*0.010*	*0.013*	*0.017*	*0.009*	*0.045*
FDa	1.173	*−0.021*	*0.007*	*0.003*	*−0.021*	*0.010*	*0.035*
FDv	1.156	*−0.019*	*0.007*	*0.009*	*−0.018*	*0.009*	*0.040*
cTORTa^a	−9.690	− 0.057	0.041	0.171	*−0.109*	*0.054*	*0.045*
cTORTv^a	−9.670	−0.054	0.038	0.153	−0.031	0.041	0.445

Values in bold are significant at p < 0.05
GEE corrected for sex and a diabetes, SE Standard Error, CI Cognitively Impaired, RT Retinal Thickness, RNFL Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer, GCL Ganglion Cell Layer, IPL Inner Plexiform Layer, CRAE Central Retinal Artery Equivalent, CRVE Central Retinal Vein Equivalent, AVR Arteriole-Venular Ratio, FDa Fractal Dimension of arteries, FDv Fractal Dimension of veins, cTORTa curvature Tortuosity of arteries, cTORTv curvature Tortuosity of veins
^aLog transformation applied

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ISSN: 1471-2318

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