Table 3 Multiple logistic regression for changes in frailty
Predictors | Robust worsening, OR (95%CI) | Prefrail worsening, OR (95%CI) | Prefrail improvement, OR (95%CI) | Frail improvement, OR (95%CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted model a | Adjusted model b | Unadjusted model a | Adjusted model b | Unadjusted model a | Adjusted model b | Unadjusted model a | Adjusted model b | |
Gender (Female) | 1.99*** (1.68, 2.37) | 1.30 (0.95, 1.79) | 0.88 (0.52, 1.48) | 0.56 (0.21, 1.52) | 0.44*** (0.30, 0.66) | 0.65 (0.28, 1.49) | 1.65 (0.69, 3.97) | 0.84 (0.19, 3.68) |
Age (vs 60~ years) | ||||||||
 70~ years | 2.64*** (2.20, 3.18) | 2.10*** (1.72, 2.58) | 1.57 (0.88, 2.78) | 1.81 (0.98, 3.34) | 0.62* (0.42, 0.91) | 0.70 (0.45, 1.07) | 0.45 (0.18, 1.16) | 0.36 (0.12, 1.14) |
 80~ years | 4.98*** (3.69, 6.72) | 3.30*** (2.36, 4.60) | 3.09*** (1.68, 5.70) | 3.89*** (1.87, 8.09 | 0.36*** (0.21, 0.62) | 0.40** (0.21, 0.75) | 0.55 (0.22, 1.40) | 0.53 (0.15, 1.84) |
Marital status (Married) | 0.47*** (0.38, 0.58) | 0.83 (0.63, 1.09) | 1.03 (0.65, 1.61) | 1.29 (0.66, 2.53) | 1.66** (1.13, 2.45) | 0.84 (0.47, 1.50) | 0.77 (0.38, 1.57) | 1.10 (0.35, 3.47) |
Educational level (vs Illiteracy) | ||||||||
 Primary school | 0.46*** (0.38, 0.56) | 0.63*** (0.51, 0.78) | 0.88 (0.43, 1.80) | 0.98 (0.43, 2.23) | 2.11** (1.27, 3.50) | 1.51 (0.86, 2.67) | 0.76 (0.18, 3.18) | 0.78 (0.10, 6.01) |
 Junior high school or above | 0.32*** (0.24, 0.42) | 0.46*** (0.33, 0.64) | 1.23 (0.44, 3.47) | 1.04 (0.27, 4.04) | 3.19** (1.50, 6.80) | 2.02 (0.80, 5.12) | 0.60 (0.11, 3.25) | 0.66 (0.07, 6.08) |
Working (Yes) | 0.42*** (0.32, 0.55) | 0.60*** (0.45, 0.80) | 0.47 (0.17, 1.27) | 0.56 (0.20, 1.61) | 1.51 (0.84, 2.72) | 1.33 (0.71, 2.51) | 1.60 (0.22, 11.77) | 2.00 (0.15, 27.26) |
Live alone (Yes) | 1.73*** (1.28, 2.34) | 0.94 (0.63, 1.41) | 0.65 (0.33, 1.26) | 0.55 (0.22, 1.41) | 0.53* (0.30, 0.93) | 0.58 (0.26, 1.30) | 1.13 (0.58, 3.50) | 1.69 (0.39, 7.40) |
Shower facility at home (No) | 1.91*** (1.45, 2.53) | 1.39* (1.02, 1.90) | 0.88 (0.50, 1.55) | 0.89 (0.47, 1.70) | 0.61* (0.37, 0.99) | 0.71 (0.41, 1.24) | 0.94 (0.32, 2.77) | 1.42 (0.34, 5.87) |
Annual physical examination (No) | 1.26 (0.94, 1.69) | 1.23 (0.89, 1.71) | 1.84 (0.91, 3.72) | 1.49 (0.69, 3.21) | 0.96 (0.479, 1.88) | 1.17 (0.56, 2.42) | 0.61 (0.25, 1.46) | 0.69 (0.23, 2.03) |
Cigarette smoking (vs Nonsmoker) | ||||||||
 Former smoker | 0.64** (0.49, 0.84) | 1.01 (0.69, 1.48) | 0.57 (0.24, 1.36) | 0.33 (0.09, 1.16) | 1.72 (0.99, 2.99) | 1.22 (0.49, 3.03) | 0.49 (0.12, 1.91) | 0.64 (0.07, 5.77) |
 Current smoker | 0.40*** (0.32, 0.81) | 0.70 (0.48, 1.01) | 1.60 (0.70, 3.65) | 1.69 (0.45, 6.30) | 3.51*** (1.85, 6.67) | 2.81 (1.00, 7.89) | 0.73 (0.13, 4.18) | 0.65 (0.06, 7.50) |
Alcohol intake (Yes) | 0.46*** (0.36, 0.58) | 0.85 (0.63, 1.14) | 0.86 (0.36, 2.02) | 0.61 (0.20, 1.90) | 1.75 (0.96, 3.19) | 0.56 (0.24, 1.27) | 0.79 (0.07, 8.90) | 0.43 (0.02, 12.19) |
Daily tea (Yes) | 0.56*** (0.46, 0.67) | 1.01 (0.79, 1.29) | 0.82 (0.46, 1.47) | 0.72 (0.34, 1.55) | 2.05*** (1.35, 3.11) | 1.08 (0.61, 1.92) | 0.91 (0.33, 2.49) | 0.94 (0.25, 3.55) |
Reading (Yes) | 0.44*** (0.34, 0.57) | 0.84 (0.61, 1.15) | 1.11 (0.43, 2.87) | 1.18 (0.34, 4.16) | 2.24* (1.13, 4.46) | 1.13 (0.48, 2.68) | 3.25 (0.29, 36.81) | 4.98 (0.24, 104.22) |
Play cards or mahjong (Yes) | 0.58*** (0.47, 0.72) | 0.90 (0.71, 1.14) | 0.63 (0.32, 1.26) | 0.50 (0.22, 1.11) | 1.32 (0.82, 2.12) | 0.68 (0.38, 1.22) | 0.38 (0.04, 3.53) | 0.23 (0.02, 2.68) |
Physical exercise (vs Almost never) | ||||||||
 Several times per week | 0.75* (0.58, 0.96) | 0.73* (0.55, 0.96) | 1.67 (0.93, 2.99) | 1.84 (0.94, 3.61) | 1.30 (0.78, 2.14) | 1.24 (0.70, 2.12) | 2.34 (0.89, 6.13) | 1.79 (0.55, 5.85) |
 Everyday | 0.70*** (0.58, 0.85) | 0.72** (0.58, 0.90) | 0.93 (0.54, 1.59) | 1.04 (0.57, 1.89) | 1.29 (0.84, 1.98) | 1.01 (0.63, 1.63) | 4.35*** (1.84, 10.29) | 4.03** (1.42, 11.46) |
Meeting with children (vs Almost never) | ||||||||
 Several times per week | 0.92 (0.74, 1.15) | 0.94 (0.57, 1.16) | 1.08 (0.60, 1.95) | 1.13 (0.59, 2.14) | 0.84 (0.53, 1.33) | 0.71 (0.43, 1.17) | 1.02 (0.33, 3.17) | 1.56 (0.39, 6.22) |
 Everyday | 1.04 (0.83, 1.31) | 0.95 (0.73, 1.24) | 1.06 (0.58, 1.95) | 0.92 (0.45, 1.88) | 0.70 (0.44, 1.13) | 0.68 (0.39, 1.19) | 1.38 (0.45, 4.24) | 2.50 (0.56, 11.26) |
Neighbor interaction (vs Almost never) | ||||||||
 Several times per week | 0.70* (0.51, 0.97) | 0.81 (0.57, 1.16) | 0.35** (0.16, 0.76) | 0.30** (0.13, 0.74) | 0.84 (0.44, 1.61) | 0.75 (0.36, 1.54) | 2.26 (0.64, 7.96) | 2.34 (0.51, 10.81) |
 Everyday | 0.59*** (0.46, 0.74) | 0.67** (0.51, 0.87) | 0.56* (0.32, 1.00) | 0.52* (0.27, 1.00) | 1.07 (0.63, 1.83) | 1.07 (0.59, 1.93) | 3.00* (1.10, 8.19) | 2.85 (0.83, 9.82) |
Social participation (vs Almost never) | ||||||||
 Several times per month | 0.69** (0.52, 0.90) | 0.83 (0.62, 1.12) | 1.39 (0.80, 2.41) | 1.64 (0.85, 3.16) | 0.93 (0.57, 1.52) | 0.77 (0.44, 1.37) | 1.21 (0.47, 3.14) | 1.23 (0.34, 4.36) |
 Several times per week | 0.75* (0.58, 0.96) | 0.90 (0.69, 1.19) | 1.76 (0.82, 3.78) | 2.56* (1.06, 6.17) | 2.62** (1.44, 4.80) | 2.14* (1.08, 4.24) | 0.81 (0.14, 4.62) | 0.58 (0.07, 4.71) |