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Table 1 Description of predictors according to frailty status at baseline

From: Changes in frailty among community-dwelling Chinese older adults and its predictors: evidence from a two-year longitudinal study

Predictors

Total

Robust (≤ 0.10)

Prefrail (≤ 0.21)

Frail (>  0.21)

P value

n = 3988, n (%)

n = 3169, n (%)

n = 656, n (%)

n = 163, n (%)

Gender (Male)

 

1500 (47.3)

187 (28.5)

49 (30.1)

< 0.001

Age, year (Mean ± SD)

69.38 ± 7.06

68.17 ± 6.37

73.23 ± 7.17

77.47 ± 8.38

< 0.001 a

Age group, year

    

< 0.001

 60–69

2314 (58.0)

2056 (65.1)

216 (32.9)

33 (20.2)

 

 70–79

1237 (31.0)

883 (27.9)

297 (45.3)

57 (35.0)

 

 80+

437 (11.0)

221 (7.0)

143 (21.8)

73 (44.8)

 

Marital status (Married)

3181 (79.8)

2645 (83.5)

451 (68.8)

85 (52.1)

< 0.001

Educational level

    

< 0.001

 Illiteracy

2251 (56.4)

1592 (50.3)

519 (79.1)

140 (85.9)

 

 Primary school

1176 (29.5)

1069 (33.7)

93 (14.2)

14 (8.6)

 

 Junior high school or above

561 (14.1)

508 (16.0)

44 (6.7)

9 (5.5)

 

Working (Yes)

629 (15.8)

567 (17.9)

58 (8.8)

4 (2.5)

< 0.001

Live alone (Yes)

325 (8.1)

218 (6.9)

80 (12.2)

27 (16.6)

< 0.001

Shower facility at home (No)

381 (9.6)

248 (7.8)

108 (16.5)

25 (15.3)

< 0.001

Annual physical examination (No)

357 (9.0)

249 (7.9)

62 (9.5)

46 (28.2)

< 0.001

Cigarette smoking

    

< 0.001

 Nonsmoker

2662 (66.8)

2018 (63.6)

514 (78.4)

130 (79.8)

 

 Past smoker

488 (12.2)

392 (12.4)

74 (11.3)

22 (13.5)

 

 Current smoker

838 (21.0)

759 (24.0)

68 (10.4)

11 (6.7)

 

Alcohol intake (Yes)

749 (18.8)

686 (21.6)

60 (9.1)

3 (1.8)

< 0.001

Daily tea (Yes)

1370 (34.4)

1198 (37.8)

149 (22.7)

23 (14.1)

< 0.001

Reading (Yes)

595 (14.9)

542 (17.1)

49 (7.5)

4 (2.5)

< 0.001

Playing cards or mahjong (Yes)

917 (23.0)

813 (25.7)

97 (14.8)

7 (4.3)

< 0.001

Physical exercise

    

< 0.001

 Almost never

992 (24.9)

747 (23.6)

166 (25.3)

79 (48.5)

 

 Several times per week

805 (20.2)

606 (19.1)

166 (25.3)

33 (20.2)

 

 Everyday

2191 (54.9)

1816 (57.3)

324 (49.4)

51 (31.3)

 

Meeting with children

    

0.073

 Almost never

801 (20.0)

636 (20.1)

143 (21.8)

22 (13.5)

 

 Several times per week

1757 (44.1)

1411 (44.5)

277 (42.2)

69 (42.3)

 

 Everyday

1430 (35.9)

1122 (35.4)

236 (36.0)

72 (44.2)

 

Neighbor interaction

    

< 0.001

 Almost never

517 (13.0)

384 (12.1)

96 (14.6)

37 (22.7)

 

 Several times per week

505 (12.7)

376 (11.9)

103 (15.7)

256 (16.0)

 

 Everyday

2966 (74.3)

2409 (76.0)

457 (69.7)

100 (61.3)

 

Social participation

    

< 0.001

 Almost never

2915 (73.1)

2308 (72.8)

474 (72.3)

133 (81.6)

 

 Several times per month

522 (13.1)

392 (12.4)

107 (16.3)

23 (14.1)

 

 Several times per week

551 (13.8)

469 (14.8)

75 (11.4)

7 (4.3)

 
  1. aP value for ANOVA