Predictors | Total | Robust (≤ 0.10) | Prefrail (≤ 0.21) | Frail (>  0.21) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 3988, n (%) | n = 3169, n (%) | n = 656, n (%) | n = 163, n (%) | ||
Gender (Male) |  | 1500 (47.3) | 187 (28.5) | 49 (30.1) | < 0.001 |
Age, year (Mean ± SD) | 69.38 ± 7.06 | 68.17 ± 6.37 | 73.23 ± 7.17 | 77.47 ± 8.38 | < 0.001 a |
Age group, year |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 60–69 | 2314 (58.0) | 2056 (65.1) | 216 (32.9) | 33 (20.2) |  |
 70–79 | 1237 (31.0) | 883 (27.9) | 297 (45.3) | 57 (35.0) |  |
 80+ | 437 (11.0) | 221 (7.0) | 143 (21.8) | 73 (44.8) |  |
Marital status (Married) | 3181 (79.8) | 2645 (83.5) | 451 (68.8) | 85 (52.1) | < 0.001 |
Educational level |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Illiteracy | 2251 (56.4) | 1592 (50.3) | 519 (79.1) | 140 (85.9) |  |
 Primary school | 1176 (29.5) | 1069 (33.7) | 93 (14.2) | 14 (8.6) |  |
 Junior high school or above | 561 (14.1) | 508 (16.0) | 44 (6.7) | 9 (5.5) |  |
Working (Yes) | 629 (15.8) | 567 (17.9) | 58 (8.8) | 4 (2.5) | < 0.001 |
Live alone (Yes) | 325 (8.1) | 218 (6.9) | 80 (12.2) | 27 (16.6) | < 0.001 |
Shower facility at home (No) | 381 (9.6) | 248 (7.8) | 108 (16.5) | 25 (15.3) | < 0.001 |
Annual physical examination (No) | 357 (9.0) | 249 (7.9) | 62 (9.5) | 46 (28.2) | < 0.001 |
Cigarette smoking |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Nonsmoker | 2662 (66.8) | 2018 (63.6) | 514 (78.4) | 130 (79.8) |  |
 Past smoker | 488 (12.2) | 392 (12.4) | 74 (11.3) | 22 (13.5) |  |
 Current smoker | 838 (21.0) | 759 (24.0) | 68 (10.4) | 11 (6.7) |  |
Alcohol intake (Yes) | 749 (18.8) | 686 (21.6) | 60 (9.1) | 3 (1.8) | < 0.001 |
Daily tea (Yes) | 1370 (34.4) | 1198 (37.8) | 149 (22.7) | 23 (14.1) | < 0.001 |
Reading (Yes) | 595 (14.9) | 542 (17.1) | 49 (7.5) | 4 (2.5) | < 0.001 |
Playing cards or mahjong (Yes) | 917 (23.0) | 813 (25.7) | 97 (14.8) | 7 (4.3) | < 0.001 |
Physical exercise |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Almost never | 992 (24.9) | 747 (23.6) | 166 (25.3) | 79 (48.5) |  |
 Several times per week | 805 (20.2) | 606 (19.1) | 166 (25.3) | 33 (20.2) |  |
 Everyday | 2191 (54.9) | 1816 (57.3) | 324 (49.4) | 51 (31.3) |  |
Meeting with children | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.073 |
 Almost never | 801 (20.0) | 636 (20.1) | 143 (21.8) | 22 (13.5) |  |
 Several times per week | 1757 (44.1) | 1411 (44.5) | 277 (42.2) | 69 (42.3) |  |
 Everyday | 1430 (35.9) | 1122 (35.4) | 236 (36.0) | 72 (44.2) |  |
Neighbor interaction |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Almost never | 517 (13.0) | 384 (12.1) | 96 (14.6) | 37 (22.7) |  |
 Several times per week | 505 (12.7) | 376 (11.9) | 103 (15.7) | 256 (16.0) |  |
 Everyday | 2966 (74.3) | 2409 (76.0) | 457 (69.7) | 100 (61.3) |  |
Social participation |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Almost never | 2915 (73.1) | 2308 (72.8) | 474 (72.3) | 133 (81.6) |  |
 Several times per month | 522 (13.1) | 392 (12.4) | 107 (16.3) | 23 (14.1) |  |
 Several times per week | 551 (13.8) | 469 (14.8) | 75 (11.4) | 7 (4.3) |  |