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Table 1 Distributions of the sample, CLHLS 2002–2014

From: Adequate access to healthcare and added life expectancy among older adults in China

  

Sex

Residence

Access to healthcare

 

Total

Women

Men

Rural

Urban

Inadequate

Adequate

# Sampled individuals

27,794

16,145

11,649

16,929

10,865

2877

24,917

% Adequate access to healthcare

92.4

92.2

92.6

91.0

95.3*

–

–

% Death in 2002–2014 +

26.6

25.3

28.0#

29.3.0

21.7*

33.70

23.2*

Demographics

Age (mean, years)

71.8

72.0

71.3*

71.9

71.6$

73.8

71.7#

% Men

49.6

–

–

49.9

49.1

48.3

49.7

% Urban

32.0

32.3

31.6

–

–

19.5

33.0*

Socioeconomic factors

% Han ethnicity

93.2

92.9

93.4

92.2

95.2*

92.8

93.2

% 0 years of schooling

46.4

66.7

26.0*

52.0

34.6*

61.3

45.2*

% 6 years of schooling

38.3

26.4

50.4*

38.3

38.4*

32.4

38.8*

% 7+ years of schooling

15.3

7.0

23.7*

9.7

27.0*

6.3

16.0*

% Economic independence

52.2

42.0

62.6*

44.8

67.8*

46.8

52.6#

% Professional occupation

13.0

10.9

15.2*

7.3

25.3*

6.7

13.6*

% Having a health insurance

34.2

31.4

37.1*

34.0

34.7

22.3

35.2*

Family/Social support

% Married

65.3

53.3

77.5*

64.4

67.1$

48.2

66.7*

% Close proximity to children

84.3

85.9

82.7#

88.0

76.5*

75.2

85.1*

Health practice

% Doing regular exercise

32.9

29.1

36.8*

23.5

53.0*

20.8

33.9*

% Currently smoking

27.2

7.9

46.8*

27.6

26.4

29.6

27.0

Health condition

% ADL disabled

6.1

7.2

5.0*

5.6

7.1#

9.4

5.8*

% Cognitively impaired

11.9

16.2

7.6*

13.3

9.0*

26.0

10.8*

% Having 1+ chronic disease

57.9

60.1

55.6*

54.6

64.9*

63.6

57.4#

Waves

% Samples in 2002

48.0

21.5

46.0#

48.0

47.8*

53.2

47.5#

% Samples in 2005

18.0

17.8

18.3#

15.8

22.7*

19.4

17.9#

% Samples in 2008

24.1

23.0

25.2#

23.3

25.7*

20.5

24.4#

% Samples in 2011

9.9

9.3

10.5#

12.8

3.8*

6.9

10.2#

  1. Note: (1) The percentages were weighted and calculated from the respondents excluding those lost to follow-up. The weighted percentage distribution reflected the characteristics of the respondents at their first interviews. The distribution is very similar if those lost to follow-up were included. (2) +, the weighted percentages of death were calculated from number of deaths among initially total interviewed sample, including those lost to follow-up. (3) The tests for percentage distribution between women and men, between rural and urban, and between inadequate and adequate access to healthcare were based on Wald test. $, p < 0.05, #, p < 0.001, *, p < 0.001