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Table 2 Association between poverty transitions and frailty: the results of GEE analysis

From: The impact of poverty transitions on frailty among older adults in South Korea: findings from the Korean longitudinal study of ageing

Variables

Frailtya

Male

Female

ORi

95% CIi

ORi

95% CIi

Poverty transitionb

 Persistence of non-poverty (NN)

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Exiting poverty (PN)

1.22

(0.93

–

1.59)

1.16

(0.96

–

1.41)

 Transition to poverty (NP)

1.03

(0.74

–

1.44)

1.31

(1.02

–

1.69)

 Persistence of poverty (PP)

1.23

(0.94

–

1.62)

1.36

(1.10

–

1.68)

Age

 45–64

1.00

   

1.00

   

 65–74

1.40

(1.12

–

1.76)

1.24

(1.06

–

1.46)

  ≥ 75

2.40

(1.87

–

3.09)

1.81

(1.50

–

2.17)

Marital status

 With spouse

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Without spouse

1.62

(1.28

–

2.05)

1.29

(1.12

–

1.49)

No. of household members

 1

1.00

   

1.00

   

 2

0.93

(0.71

–

1.23)

1.12

(0.95

–

1.31)

  ≥ 3

0.98

(0.74

–

1.31)

1.13

(0.96

–

1.32)

Educational level

 Elementary school graduate or lower

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Middle/high school graduate

0.83

(0.70

–

0.99)

0.70

(0.60

–

0.82)

 College graduate or higher

0.65

(0.48

–

0.88)

0.58

(0.33

–

1.00)

Current economic activity

 Active

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Inactive

1.40

(1.17

–

1.67)

1.11

(0.97

–

1.28)

Region

 Metropolitan

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Urban

1.18

(0.98

–

1.42)

1.20

(1.05

–

1.38)

 Rural

1.00

(0.82

–

1.21)

1.03

(0.90

–

1.18)

Health insurance type

 NHIc

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Medical aid

1.35

(1.02

–

1.78)

1.49

(1.22

–

1.81)

Household incomed

 Quantile 1 (low)

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Quantile 2

0.80

(0.66

–

0.96)

0.76

(0.66

–

0.88)

 Quantile 3

0.58

(0.41

–

0.82)

0.85

(0.65

–

1.10)

 Quantile 4

0.63

(0.43

–

0.92)

0.92

(0.69

–

1.23)

 Quantile 5 (high)

0.41

(0.27

–

0.62)

0.71

(0.52

–

0.97)

Smoking

 No

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Yes

1.24

(1.05

–

1.46)

1.54

(1.21

–

1.97)

Drinking

 No

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Yes

0.96

(0.80

–

1.16)

1.03

(0.90

–

1.18)

Perceived health status

 Healthy

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Average

0.99

(0.68

–

1.45)

0.91

(0.62

–

1.35)

 Unhealthy

2.16

(1.47

–

3.16)

2.78

(1.91

–

4.06)

Chronic diseasee

 No

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Yes

1.12

(0.95

–

1.32)

1.11

(0.97

–

1.27)

Disability

 No

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Yes

0.94

(0.46

–

1.94)

0.84

(0.48

–

1.47)

ADLf

 Independent

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Needs help/difficulty with ADL

1.92

(1.18

–

3.12)

1.79

(1.29

–

2.49)

IADLg

 Independent

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Needs help/difficulty with IADL

1.30

(1.06

–

1.59)

1.97

(1.64

–

2.37)

Cognitive impairment

 No

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Yes

2.82

(2.40

–

3.31)

2.32

(2.06

–

2.62)

Frailty in the previous year

 No

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Yes

3.61

(2.96

–

4.40)

3.41

(2.98

–

3.89)

  1. a The frailty instrument consists of grip strength, exhaustion, and social isolation (frail ≥2, non-frail ≤1)
  2. b Relative poverty line: 50% of median household income based on the equivalized household income
  3. cNHI National Health Insurance (employee and self-employee insured)
  4. d Participants’ current equivalized household income level was allocated into quantile groups based on the data from Statistics Korea
  5. e Chronic diseases include hypertension, diabetes, malignant tumor, liver disease, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, psychiatric disorders, and rheumatoid arthritis disease
  6. fADL Activities of daily living
  7. gIADL Instrumental activities of daily living
  8. hK-MMSE (Korean Mini-Mental State Examination) normal cognitive function (K-MMSE ≥24) and mild to severe cognitive impairment (K-MMSE ≤23)
  9. iOR: odds ratio; 95% CI: confidence interval
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BMC Geriatrics

ISSN: 1471-2318

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