Table 1 Demographic characteristics of participants by frailty status
characteristics | All (n = 1726) | Robust (n = 656) | Pre-frail (n = 911) | Frail (n = 159) | P_value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age groups (years) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 70–74 | 427 (24.7) | 204 (31.1) | 204 (22.4) | 19 (11.9) |  |
 75–79 | 773 (44.8) | 314 (47.9) | 402 (44.1) | 57 (35.8) |  |
 80–84 | 415 (24) | 120 (18.3) | 235 (25.8) | 60 (37.7) |  |
 85+ | 111 (6.4) | 18 (2.7) | 70 (7.7) | 23 (14.5) |  |
Gender |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Male | 816 (47.3) | 385 (58.7) | 382 (42) | 49 (30.8) |  |
 Female | 909 (52.7) | 271 (41.3) | 528 (58) | 110 (69.2) |  |
Occupation | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.032 |
 Farmer | 1502 (88.6) | 566 (87.6) | 790 (88.6) | 146 (93) |  |
 Other | 193 (11.4) | 80 (12.4) | 102 (11.4) | 11 (7) |  |
Education |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Illiterate | 885 (51.6) | 260 (39.9) | 515 (57) | 110 (69.2) |  |
 Literate | 829 (48.4) | 391 (60.1) | 389 (43) | 49 (30.8) |  |
Marital status |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Current marital | 1126 (66) | 459 (70.8) | 585 (65) | 82 (52.2) |  |
 Other | 579 (34) | 189 (29.2) | 315 (35) | 75 (47.8) |  |
Smoking |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 None | 1251 (73.7) | 427 (65.8) | 696 (77.9) | 128 (82.1) |  |
 Smoker | 301 (17.7) | 159 (24.5) | 123 (13.8) | 19 (12.2) |  |
 Ever | 146 (8.6) | 63 (9.7) | 74 (8.3) | 9 (5.8) |  |
Drinking |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 None | 1098 (65.1) | 364 (56.7) | 617 (69.1) | 117 (76.5) |  |
 Drinker | 443 (26.2) | 218 (34) | 199 (22.3) | 26 (17) |  |
 Ever | 147 (8.7) | 60 (9.4) | 77 (8.6) | 10 (6.5) |  |
BMI category | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.163 |
  < 24 | 931 (54.9) | 334 (51.9) | 509 (56.8) | 88 (56.1) |  |
 24–27.9 | 574 (33.8) | 240 (37.3) | 291 (32.5) | 43 (27.4) |  |
  ≥ 28 | 192 (11.3) | 70 (10.9) | 96 (10.7) | 26 (16.6) |  |
Perceived overall health status | Â | Â | 0.448 | ||
 Good | 1432 (83.6) | 600 (92) | 738 (81.6) | 94 (59.5) |  |
 Poor | 282 (16.5) | 52 (8) | 166 (18.4) | 64 (40.5) |  |
Hypertension | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.171 |
 No | 436 (25.5) | 176 (27.2) | 221 (24.4) | 39 (24.5) |  |
 Yes | 1277 (74.6) | 472 (72.8) | 685 (75.6) | 120 (75.5) |  |
Diabetes |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 No | 1401 (82.3) | 545 (84.4) | 734 (81.3) | 122 (79.2) |  |
 Yes | 302 (17.7) | 101 (15.6) | 169 (18.7) | 32 (20.8) |  |
MCI |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 No | 889 (51.7) | 438 (67) | 408 (44.8) | 43 (27.4) |  |
 Yes | 832 (48.3) | 216 (33) | 502 (55.2) | 114 (72.6) |  |