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Table 2 Baseline characteristics of SLAS-1 Chinese older adults by physical, mental and social frailty status

From: A bio-psycho-social approach for frailty amongst Singaporean Chinese community-dwelling older adults – evidence from the Singapore Longitudinal Aging Study

Variables

Total

Physical Frailty (PF)

Mental Frailty (MF)

Social Frailty (SF)

N = 2387 (%)

No PF (N = 1233)

PF (N = 1154)

p

No MF (N = 1730)

MF (N = 657)

p

No SF (N = 1949)

SF (N = 438)

p

Age, mean (SD) years

66.1 (7.61)

64.2 (6.36)

68.0 (8.34)

< 0.001

65.1 (6.99)

68.5 (8.61)

< 0.001

65.0 (7.31)

69.3 (8.12)

< 0.001

Male

876 (36.7)

493 (40.0)

383 (33.2)

0.001

668 (38.6)

208 (31.7)

0.002

748 (38.12)

133 (30.4)

0.002

Single, Divorced Or Widowed

603 (25.2)

237 (19.2)

365 (31.6)

< 0.001

378 (21.9)

224 (34.1)

< 0.001

385 (19.8)

217 (49.5)

< 0.001

Current smoking (versus others)

154 (6.5)

61 (5.0)

93 (8.1)

0.002

101 (5.8)

53 (8.1)

0.047

113 (5.8)

41 (9.4)

0.006

Current and past smoking

401 (16.8)

191 (15.5)

210 (18.2)

0.080

267 (15.4)

134 (20.4)

0.004

296 (15.2)

105 (24.0)

< 0.001

Alcohol drinking

258 (10.8)

168 (13.6)

90 (7.8)

< 0.001

210 (12.1)

48 (7.3)

0.001

223 (11.4)

25 (8.0)

0.036

NSI Risk (3 and above)

1185 (49.6)

527 (42.7)

658 (57.0)

< 0.001

729 (42.1)

456 (69.4)

< 0.001

911 (46.7)

274 (62.6)

< 0.001

Obese (BMI ≥ 27.5)

310 (13.0)

134 (10.9)

176 (15.3)

0.001

222 (12.8)

88 (13.4)

0.696

252 (12.9)

58 (13.3)

0.834

Underweight (BMI ≤ 18.5)

133 (5.6)

0 (0.0)

133 (11.5)

< 0.001

81 (4.7)

52 (7.9)

0.002

99 (4.8)

40 (9.1)

< 0.001

Hypertension

1340 (56.1)

656 (53.2)

684 (59.3)

0.003

953 (55.1)

387 (58.9)

0.093

1073 (55.1)

267 (61.0)

0.024

High Blood Pressure

1087 (45.5)

532 (43.2)

555 (48.1)

0.015

770 (44.5)

317 (48.3)

0.101

886 (45.5)

201 (45.9)

0.87

High Cholesterol

1017 (42.9)

512 (42.0)

505 (43.9)

0.339

733 (42.7)

284 (43.5)

0.725

852 (44.1)

165 (37.7)

0.014

Low cholesterol

179 (7.5)

78 (6.3)

101 (8.8)

0.025

118 (6.8)

61 (9.3)

0.041

135 (6.93)

44 (10.1)

0.025

Diabetes

411 (17.2)

180 (14.6)

231 (20.0)

< 0.001

276 (16.0)

135 (20.6)

0.008

329 (16.9)

82 (18.7)

0.356

Coronary heart disease

123 (5.2)

48 (3.9)

75 (6.5)

0.004

86 (5.0)

37 (5.6)

0.514

94 (4.8)

29 (6.6)

0.124

Cardiac Disease

194 (8.1)

81 (6.6)

113 (9.8)

0.004

130 (7.5)

64 (9.7)

0.075

151 (7.8)

43 (9.8)

0.152

Stroke

87 (3.6)

23 (1.9)

64 (5.6)

< 0.001

45 (2.6)

42 (6.4)

< 0.001

62 (3.2)

25 (5.7)

0.011

Cancer

43 (1.8)

23 (1.9)

20 (1.7)

0.808

31 (1.8)

12 (1.8)

0.955

35 (1.8)

8 (1.8)

0.965

Arthritis

325 (13.6)

151 (12.3)

173 (15.0)

0.052

217 (12.6)

107 (16.3)

0.016

263 (13.5)

61 (13.9)

0.823

Asthma/COPD

596 (25.0)

270 (21.9)

326 (28.3)

< 0.001

381 (22.0)

215 (32.7)

< 0.001

460 (23.6)

136 (31.1)

0.001

Hip Fracture

20 (0.8)

5 (0.4)

15 (1.3)

0.017

8 (0.5)

12 (1.8)

0.001

13 (0.7)

7 (1.6)

0.053

Chronic kidney disease

993 (42.0)

428 (34.9)

565 (49.7)

< 0.001

661 (38.5)

332 (51.5)

< 0.001

777 (40.2)

216 (50.1)

< 0.001

Metabolic Syndrome

656 (27.7)

316 (25.8)

340 (29.8)

0.032

464 (27.1)

192 (29.5)

0.220

526 (27.2)

130 (30.0)

0.246

Neuropsychiatric illness (N = 2384)

87 (3.7)

33 (2.7)

54 (4.7)

0.009

39 (2.3)

48 (7.3)

< 0.001

60 (3.1)

27 (6.2)

0.002

Hearing Impairment

64 (2.7)

27 (2.2)

37 (3.2)

0.124

32 (1.9)

32 (4.9)

< 0.001

40 (2.1)

24 (5.5)

< 0.001

Visual Impairment

809 (33.9)

332 (26.9)

477 (41.3)

< 0.001

548 (31.7)

261 (39.7)

< 0.001

642 (32.9)

167 (38.1)

0.038

Comorbidity

1018 (42.65)

451 (36.58)

567 (49.13)

< 0.001

702 (40.58)

316 (48.10)

0.001

820 (42.07)

198 (45.21)

0.231

Hospitalization for any condition in the past year

95 (4.0)

40 (3.2)

55 (4.8)

0.057

57 (3.3)

38 (5.8)

0.005

81 (4.2)

14 (3.2)

0.353

Polypharmacy (taking 6 or more drugs)

254 (10.6)

99 (8.0)

153 (13.3)

< 0.001

155 (9.0)

97 (14.8)

< 0.001

207 (10.6)

45 (10.3)

0.831

Physician Visit in the past year (SD)

4.07 (5.40)

3.66 (4.51)

4.50 (6.18)

< 0.001

3.83 (4.56)

4.71 (7.12)

< 0.001

4.04 (4.75)

4.21 (7.65)

0.28

  1. Footnotes: Metabolic syndrome was defined using the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria25: central obesity (waist circumference ≥ 90 for male and ≥ 80 for female) plus at least 2 CVRF: raised triglyceride level (≥150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L) or specific treatment for this lipid abnormality); reduced high density lipoprotein cholesterol (< 40 mg/dL (1.03 mmol/L) in males and < 50 mg/dL (1.29 mmol/L) in females or specific treatment for this lipid abnormality); raised blood pressure (BP) (systolic BP ≥ 130 or diastolic BP ≥ 85 mmHg, or treatment of previously diagnosed hypertension), and raised fasting plasma glucose (≥ 100 mg/dL or 5.6 mmol/L), or previously diagnosed type 2 diabetes)
  2. Chronic kidney disease: eGFR (< 60 mL/min/1.73 m2; COPD: FEV1/FVC < 0.70
  3. Neuropsychiatric illnesses: depression, psychosis, anxiety, dementia, Parkinson’s disease
  4. Significance Tests: independent sample t-tests were conducted for continuous variables, chi-square for categorical variables
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BMC Geriatrics

ISSN: 1471-2318

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