| Micro-level issues | Physical abuse | Physical aggression/ Rough care and treatment/ Intentional-unintentional bodily harm |
| Emotional and psychological abuse | Verbal abuse/ Violation of the patient’s dignity/ Discrimination in the provision of health care services/ Psychological violence/ Deprivation and unnecessary restrictions |
| Meso-level issues | Insufficient professional competence | Clinical incompetence/ Inadequate psychological empowerment/ Insufficient professional belonging |
| Professional negligence | Inadequate emotional support/ Insufficient information support/ Caring neglect/ Medical neglect |
| Insufficient adherence to professional ethics | Unethical behavior/ Irresponsibility/ Inappropriate disclosure of facts/ Using elderly patients as teaching tools |
| Exo-level issues | Unsanitary environment | Unhygienic conditions/ Failure to adhere to the infection control principles |
| Unsafe environment | Inappropriate physical environment/ Confusing conditions |
| Macro-level issues | Complex process of admission till discharge | Difficult processes of patient’s admission and transfer/ lengthy waiting time/ lengthy process of patient discharge |
| Limitations of resources | Insufficient allocation of human resources/ Inadequate facilities and equipment |
| Financial abuse | Financial neglect/ Imposing extra costs on patient/ Patient’s treatment to achieve more income |
