Table 1 Participants’ characteristics and factors associated with the number of falls during 1-year follow-up

Age (years)

mean ± SD

71.4 ± 4.6

NA

NA

NA

Sex (female)

n (%)

180(75.9%)

NA

NA

NA

Body mass index (kg/m²)

mean ± SD

22.3 ± 3.1

1.11

1.05: 1.18

<0.001

IADL (full marks)

n (%)

220 (92.8%)

0.57

0.27: 1.21

0.142

Depressive symptom (≥2 points)

n (%)

40(16.9%)

1.93

1.14: 3.28

0.015

Fall history (≥1 falls)

n (%)

21(8.9%)

2.91

1.64: 5.16

<0.001

 Short FES-I (points)

mean ± SD

11.7 ± 3.6

1.09

1.03: 1.15

0.001

 Physical performance

mean ± SD

  5CWT (sec)

mean ± SD

3.4 ± 0.5

1.92

1.22: 3.03

0.005

  5MWT (sec)

mean ± SD

2.6 ± 0.4

1.44

0.82: 2.54

0.207

  FTSTS (sec)

mean ± SD

6.4 ± 1.9

1.07

0.97: 1.17

0.193

  Grip strength (kg)

mean ± SD

26.8 ± 6.4

0.94

0.89: 1.00

0.060

  TUGT (sec)

mean ± SD

5.7 ± 0.9

1.25

1.00: 1.57

0.053

 Knee pain

n (%)

90(38.0%)

2.39

1.48: 3.86

<0.001

 Low back pain

n (%)

84(35.4%)

1.72

1.07: 2.77

0.025

 Number of medications (types/day)

mean ± SD

1.2 ± 1.0

1.32

1.06: 1.66

0.015

 Diabetes mellitus

n (%)

22(9.3%)

1.08

0.49: 2.40

0.844

 Heart disease

n (%)

20(8.4%)

2.03

1.03: 4.02

0.042

 Respiratory disease

n (%)

17(7.2%)

2.41

1.22: 4.76

0.011

 Stroke

n (%)

7(3.0%)

3.22

1.39: 7.45

0.006