Association between anemia and cognitive decline among Chinese middle-aged and elderly: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study

Table 3 Gender-stratified longitudinal relationship between cognitive measures and anemia^a, CHARLS (Visit 2, 2013y, N = 9324)

Outcome variable	Analytic Model	All^b		Male		Female
Outcome variable	Analytic Model	β (95%CI)	p-value	β (95%CI)	p-value	β (95%CI)	p-value
Global Cognition	Model1	−0.62(−0.87, −0.38)	< 0.001	−0.92(− 1.29, − 0.55)	< 0.001	−0.50(− 0.84, − 0.17)	0.003
	Model2	− 0.39(− 0.61, − 0.18)	< 0.001	−0.59(− 0.92, − 0.25)	0.001	−0.30(− 0.58, − 0.02)	0.039
	Model3	− 0.24(− 0.43, − 0.04)	0.019	−0.50(− 0.81, − 0.19)	0.002	−0.09(− 0.35, 0.17)	0.496
Episodic Memory	Model1	−0.25(− 0.35, − 0.15)	< 0.001	−0.27(− 0.43, − 0.11)	0.001	−0.23(− 0.36, − 0.10)	0.001
	Model2	− 0.19(− 0.28, − 0.09)	< 0.001	−0.19(− 0.34, − 0.04)	0.013	−0.18(− 0.31, − 0.06)	0.003
	Model3	− 0.16(− 0.26, − 0.07)	0.001	−0.18(− 0.33, − 0.03)	0.017	−0.15(− 0.27, − 0.03)	0.016
TICS	Model1	− 0.26(− 0.44, − 0.08)	0.004	−0.45(− 0.71, − 0.18)	0.001	−0.21(− 0.45, 0.04)	0.099
	Model2	−0.13(− 0.29, 0.03)	0.117	− 0.26(− 0.51, − 0.01)	0.039	−0.07(− 0.27, 0.14)	0.542
	Model3	−0.04(− 0.19, 0.11)	0.634	− 0.23(− 0.47, 0.01)	0.053	0.08(− 0.12, 0.27)	0.444

BMI Body mass index, MCV Mean corpuscular volume, eGFR Estimated glomerular function rate, CI Confidence interval, TICS Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status
Notes:^a Anemia was defined as hemoglobin concentrations lower than 13 g/dl for men and lower than 12 g/dl for women; All analytical models were conducted with the Cognitive Test Scores of Visit 2 as the outcome and the dichotomous anemia as the independent variable;
^bWhen analyzed for the whole sample, gender and was included as covariate for model 1 to model 3;
Model 1 adjusted for age and baseline hemoglobin concentration;
Model 2 adjusted for age, education level, marital status, BMI, cigarette smoking status, alcohol consumption, C reactive protein, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and baseline hemoglobin concentration;
Model 3 adjusted for age, education level, marital status, BMI, cigarette smoking status, alcohol consumption, C reactive protein, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, chronic pain, associated comorbidities (cancer, kidney, stroke, heart, lung, hypertension, diabetes), MCV, eGFR, and baseline hemoglobin concentration;

ISSN: 1471-2318