From: Anticholinergic and benzodiazepine medication use and risk of incident dementia: a UK cohort study
Characteristic | Dementia at Y10 (n = 220) | No dementia at Y10 (n = 2825) | Lost to follow up between Y2 and Y10 (n = 1990) | Died between Y2 and Y10 (n = 3136) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Female | 163 (77.3) | 1675 (61.2) | 1315 (66.1) | 1630 (52.0) |
Mean age (SD) | 77.1 (7.0) | 72.0 (10.0) | 73.8 (6.1) | 76.9 (6.7) |
Educated for ≥ 10 years | 68 (29.3) | 1311 (43.9) | 754 (37.9) | 1127 (35.9) |
Manual occupation | 132 (61.7) | 1359 (50.1) | 1088 (54.7) | 1751 (55.8) |
CFAS assessment arm | 84 (51.0) | 594 (27.4) | 814 (40.9) | 999 (31.9) |
Y2 MMSE | ||||
  ≤ 21 | 30 (22.6) | 57 (3.5) | 190 (9.6) | 381 (12.2) |
 22–25 | 76 (38.4) | 432 (20.0) | 552 (27.7) | 845 (27) |
 26–30 | 114 (39.0) | 2336 (76.5) | 1196 (60.1) | 1847 (58.9) |
Decline in MMSE between Y0 and Y2 | ||||
 No decline / improvement | 100 (41.1) | 1592 (55.0) | 988 (49.6) | 1444 (46.0) |
 1 point | 34 (13.1) | 529 (17.6) | 302 (15.2) | 487 (15.5) |
 2 points | 34 (13.6) | 350 (11.8) | 220 (11.1) | 364 (11.6) |
  ≥ 3 points | 50 (29.0) | 326 (14.2) | 402 (20.2) | 729 (23.2) |
Disability | ||||
 None | 121 (47.1) | 2336 (80.0) | 1386 (69.6) | 1562 (49.8) |
 IADL impairment | 65 (30.2) | 350 (13.1) | 331 (16.6) | 672 (21.4) |
 ADL impairment / unclassified | 34 (22.7) | 139 (7.0) | 273 (13.7) | 902 (28.8) |
 Self-reported memory decline (Y0 to Y2) | 110 (48.7) | 774 (27.4) | 592 (29.7) | 1152 (36.7) |
 Fair/poor self-reported health | 66 (31.7) | 529 (21.2) | 523 (26.3) | 1174 (37.4) |
Comorbiditya | ||||
 Sleep disturbance | 56 (26.5) | 606 (22.6) | 507 (25.5) | 902 (28.8) |
 Diagnosed depression | 22 (11.0) | 309 (11.3) | 216 (10.9) | 290 (9.2) |
 Consulted GP for depression | 31 (15.8) | 388 (14.4) | 282 (14.2) | 387 (12.3) |
 Consulted GP for anxiety | 28 (11.8) | 242 (8.5) | 186 (9.3) | 228 (7.3) |
BZD useb | ||||
 None | 195 (86.6) | 2623 (91.7) | 1763 (88.6) | 2726 (86.9) |
 Any e | 25 (13.5) | 202 (8.3) | 222 (11.2) | 391 (12.5) |
 New f | 5 (2.2) | 43 (1.9) | 49 (2.5) | 92 (2.9) |
 Discontinuing g | 6 (3.2) | 51 (2.0) | 57 (2.9) | 95 (3.0) |
 Recurrent h | 14 (8.1) | 108 (4.4) | 116 (5.8) | 204 (6.5) |
ACB3 usec | ||||
 None | 198 (89.8) | 2677 (94.1) | 1842 (92.6) | 2831 (90.3) |
 Any e | 22 (10.2) | 148 (5.9) | 143 (7.2) | 286 (9.1) |
 New f | 5 (1.8) | 55 (2.2) | 58 (2.9) | 112 (3.6) |
 Discontinuing g | 5 (3.6) | 35 (1.5) | 43 (2.2) | 78 (2.5) |
 Recurrent h | 12 (4.9) | 58 (2.2) | 42 (2.1) | 96 (3.1) |
ACB12 used | ||||
 None | 85 (41.0) | 1353 (47.3) | 908 (45.6) | 972 (31) |
 Any e | 135 (59.0) | 1472 (52.7) | 1077 (54.1) | 2145 (68.4) |
 New f | 34 (16.0) | 321 (11.4) | 210 (10.6) | 419 (13.4) |
 Discontinuing g | 11 (4.5) | 209 (7.9) | 175 (8.8) | 327 (10.4) |
 Recurrent h | 90 (38.5) | 942 (33.5) | 692 (34.8) | 1399 (44.6) |