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Table 1 Participant characteristics stratified by Y10 follow-up status and dementia outcome

From: Anticholinergic and benzodiazepine medication use and risk of incident dementia: a UK cohort study

Characteristic

Dementia at Y10 (n = 220)

No dementia at Y10 (n = 2825)

Lost to follow up between Y2 and Y10 (n = 1990)

Died between Y2 and Y10 (n = 3136)

Female

163 (77.3)

1675 (61.2)

1315 (66.1)

1630 (52.0)

Mean age (SD)

77.1 (7.0)

72.0 (10.0)

73.8 (6.1)

76.9 (6.7)

Educated for ≥ 10 years

68 (29.3)

1311 (43.9)

754 (37.9)

1127 (35.9)

Manual occupation

132 (61.7)

1359 (50.1)

1088 (54.7)

1751 (55.8)

CFAS assessment arm

84 (51.0)

594 (27.4)

814 (40.9)

999 (31.9)

Y2 MMSE

  ≤ 21

30 (22.6)

57 (3.5)

190 (9.6)

381 (12.2)

 22–25

76 (38.4)

432 (20.0)

552 (27.7)

845 (27)

 26–30

114 (39.0)

2336 (76.5)

1196 (60.1)

1847 (58.9)

Decline in MMSE between Y0 and Y2

 No decline / improvement

100 (41.1)

1592 (55.0)

988 (49.6)

1444 (46.0)

 1 point

34 (13.1)

529 (17.6)

302 (15.2)

487 (15.5)

 2 points

34 (13.6)

350 (11.8)

220 (11.1)

364 (11.6)

  ≥ 3 points

50 (29.0)

326 (14.2)

402 (20.2)

729 (23.2)

Disability

 None

121 (47.1)

2336 (80.0)

1386 (69.6)

1562 (49.8)

 IADL impairment

65 (30.2)

350 (13.1)

331 (16.6)

672 (21.4)

 ADL impairment / unclassified

34 (22.7)

139 (7.0)

273 (13.7)

902 (28.8)

 Self-reported memory decline (Y0 to Y2)

110 (48.7)

774 (27.4)

592 (29.7)

1152 (36.7)

 Fair/poor self-reported health

66 (31.7)

529 (21.2)

523 (26.3)

1174 (37.4)

Comorbiditya

 Sleep disturbance

56 (26.5)

606 (22.6)

507 (25.5)

902 (28.8)

 Diagnosed depression

22 (11.0)

309 (11.3)

216 (10.9)

290 (9.2)

 Consulted GP for depression

31 (15.8)

388 (14.4)

282 (14.2)

387 (12.3)

 Consulted GP for anxiety

28 (11.8)

242 (8.5)

186 (9.3)

228 (7.3)

BZD useb

 None

195 (86.6)

2623 (91.7)

1763 (88.6)

2726 (86.9)

 Any e

25 (13.5)

202 (8.3)

222 (11.2)

391 (12.5)

 New f

5 (2.2)

43 (1.9)

49 (2.5)

92 (2.9)

 Discontinuing g

6 (3.2)

51 (2.0)

57 (2.9)

95 (3.0)

 Recurrent h

14 (8.1)

108 (4.4)

116 (5.8)

204 (6.5)

ACB3 usec

 None

198 (89.8)

2677 (94.1)

1842 (92.6)

2831 (90.3)

 Any e

22 (10.2)

148 (5.9)

143 (7.2)

286 (9.1)

 New f

5 (1.8)

55 (2.2)

58 (2.9)

112 (3.6)

 Discontinuing g

5 (3.6)

35 (1.5)

43 (2.2)

78 (2.5)

 Recurrent h

12 (4.9)

58 (2.2)

42 (2.1)

96 (3.1)

ACB12 used

 None

85 (41.0)

1353 (47.3)

908 (45.6)

972 (31)

 Any e

135 (59.0)

1472 (52.7)

1077 (54.1)

2145 (68.4)

 New f

34 (16.0)

321 (11.4)

210 (10.6)

419 (13.4)

 Discontinuing g

11 (4.5)

209 (7.9)

175 (8.8)

327 (10.4)

 Recurrent h

90 (38.5)

942 (33.5)

692 (34.8)

1399 (44.6)

  1. Number of participants (percentages) given unless specified otherwise. Percentages of participants at Y10 are weighted for attrition due to non-response at Y10 and loss of contact between Y2 and Y10
  2. Abbreviations: CFAS Cognitive Function and Ageing Study, SD standard deviation, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, IADL Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, ADL Activities of Daily Living, GP General Practitioner
  3. aAny record of specific comorbidity at the Y0 or Y2 assessment
  4. bUse of benzodiazepines or Z-drugs
  5. cUse of drugs scoring 3 on the Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden scale
  6. dUse of drugs scoring 1 or 2 on the Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden scale
  7. e-hDrug use categories are
  8. None: no use at Y0 or Y2;
  9. Any: Use at Y0 or Y2;
  10. New: Use at Y2 but not Y0
  11. Discontinuing: Use at Y0 but not Y2