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Table 3 Published Literature on the Burden of Pneumonia in Long-term Care Facilities

From: The burden of respiratory infections among older adults in long-term care: a systematic review

Author, Publication Year

Study Design

Country

Study Dates

Type of study

Age, Mean (SD)*, in years

n Infected / N at Risk†

Estimate of Occurrence

Cartter et al., 1990 [33]

Retrospective Cohort

United States

December 1, 1984 to April 10, 1985

Outbreak

Median: Nursing Home A: 84 Nursing Home C: 85

Nursing Home A: 3 / 16 Nursing Home C: 25 / 126

Nursing Home A Incidence Proportion: 18.8%

Nursing Home C Incidence Proportion: 19.8%

Langmore et al., 2002 [41]

Cross-sectional

United States

1993–1994

Non-outbreak

Age ≥ 85, 49.4%; Age 65 to 84, 51.6%

3118 / 102,755

Prevalence: 3.0%

Konetzka et al., 2004 [34]

Retrospective Cohort

United States

1996

Non-outbreak

83.5 (7.4)

766 / 5899

Prevalence Proportion: 13.0%

Quagliarello et al., 2005 [21]

Prospective Cohort

United States

February 2001 to March 2003

Non-outbreak

84.7 (8)

112 / 613

Incidence Proportion: 18.3%

Won et al., 2006 [35]

Retrospective Cohort

United States

June 1998 to December 2000

Non-outbreak

83.4‡

75 / 3547

Prevalence Proportion: 2.1%

Givens et al., 2010 [22]

Prospective Cohort

United States

2003 to 2009

Non-outbreak

86 (7.0)

133 / 323

Incidence Proportion: 41.2%

Aparasu et al., 2013 [36]

Retrospective Cohort

United States

July 1, 2001 to December 31, 2003

Non-outbreak

83.5 (8.1)

Atypical Antipsychotic‡: 295 / 3609 Typical Antipsychotic‡: 188 / 3609

Atypical Antipsychotic Incidence Proportion: 8.17%; Atypical Antipsychotic Incidence Rate‡: 4.61 cases per person-year; Typical Antipsychotic Incidence Proportion: 5.21%; Typical Antipsychotic Incidence Rate‡: 5.21 cases per person-year

Huybrechts et al., 2011 [32]

Retrospective Cohort

Canada

January 1, 1996 to March 31, 2006

Non-outbreak

83.8 (6.9)§

Prevalence: 920 / 10,900; Incidence: 265 events / 2890 person-years

Prevalence Proportion: 8.4%; Incidence Rate: 9.17 per 100 person-years

Sund-Levander et al., 2007 [23]

Prospective Cohort

Sweden

2000–2003

Non-outbreak

84.6 (6.7)||

44 / 234

Incidence Proportion: 28.9%

te Wierik et al., 2012 [24]

Prospective Cohort

Netherlands

January to March 15, 2010

Outbreak

90.1 (1.1)

9 / 140

Incidence Proportion: 6.4%**

Rummukainen et al., 2013 [43]

Cross-sectional

Finland

2011

Non-outbreak

Age > 85, 49%**

75 / 5262

Prevalence Proportion: 1.4%

Sarabia-Cobo et al., 2016 [25]

Prospective Cohort

Spain

2011–2013

Non-outbreak

88.7 (6.8)

1330 / 2384

Prevalence Proportion: 55.8%

Fukushima et al., 2008 [26]

Prospective Cohort

Japan

December 1, 2003 to March 28, 2004

Non-outbreak

85

17 / 284

Incidence Proportion: 6.0%

Wu et al., 2010 [40]

Randomized Controlled Trial

Taiwan

2004

Non-outbreak

82.3 (8.3)

No data / 74

Traditional Model Incidence Rate: 0.17 cases per 1000 bed-days; Integrated Care Model Incidence Rate: 0.07 cases per 1000 bed-days††

Doi et al., 2014 [37]

Retrospective Cohort

Japan

Winter 2014

Outbreak

81.5 (8.5)

5 / 99

Prevalence Proportion: 5.1%

Kikutani et al., 2015 [27]

Prospective Cohort

Japan

No data

Non-outbreak

86.7 (7.8)

33 / 691

Incidence Proportion: 4.8%

  1. *If available and unless another measure is specified
  2. †The estimates and study participants’ characteristics were calculated among unvaccinated individuals whenever both vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals were included in the study samples
  3. ‡Rates were only provided by atypical versus typical antipsychotic exposure status
  4. §Calculated by combining individual groups’ data using methods recommended by the Cochrane Collaborative
  5. §Calculated from 1-year follow-up
  6. ||Measured during the initial 5 weeks of the study period
  7. **Age derived only from the nursing home residents
  8. ††Rates were only provided for each arm of the trial