Table 2 Prevalence, incidence and persistence of depressive symptoms (CSDD-items) by the presence of dementia at baseline

Anxiety

339/945 (35.9)

169 (30.3) / 170 (43.8)***

184/507 (36.3)

92 (30.4) / 92 (45.1)**

137/409 (33.5)

76 (28.5) / 61 (43.0)*

Sadness

273/951 (28.7)

124 (22.2) / 149 (37.9)***

134/509 (26.3)

66 (21.6) / 68 (33.5)*

99/409 (24.2)

62 (23.2) / 37 (26.1)

Lack of Joy

149/951 (15.7)

52 (9.3) / 97 (24.7)***

87/509 (17.1)

33 (10.8) / 54 (26.5)***

66/411 (16.1)

38 (14.2) / 28 (19.6)

Irritability

244/949 (25.7)

107 (19.2) / 137 (34.9)***

149/510 (29.2)

57 (18.6) / 92 (45.3)***

104/411 (25.3)

64 (23.9) / 40 (28.0)

Agitation

55/954 (5.8)

20 (3.6) / 35 (8.9)**

27/510 (5.3)

7 (2.3) / 20 (9.9)***

19/413 (4.6)

12 (4.4) / 7 (4.9)

Retardation

160/949 (16.9)

50 (8.9) / 110 (28.4)***

82/509 (16.1)

30 (9.8) / 52 (25.7)***

64/412 (15.5)

29 (10.8) / 35 (24.3)***

Multiple physical complaints

333/947 (35.2)

197 (35.2) / 136 (35.1)

190/506 (37.5)

110 (36.1) / 80 (39.8)

122/410 (29.8)

78 (29.2) / 44 (30.8)

Lack of interest

164/948 (17.3)

52 (9.3) / 112 (28.8)***

82/507 (16.2)

33 (10.8) / 49 (24.4)***

55/407 (13.5)

26 (9.8) / 29 (20.6)**

Appetite loss

215/952 (22.6)

91 (16.3) / 124 (31.6)***

88/507 (17.4)

45 (14.8) / 43 (21.2)

64/412 (15.5)

43 (16.0) / 21 (14.7)

Weight loss

146/941 (15.5)

65 (11.7) / 81 (21.0)***

53/500 (10.6)

31 (10.2) / 22 (11.2)

43/408 (10.5)

30 (11.3) / 13 (9.1)

Lack of energy

265/948 (28.0)

125 (22.3) / 140 (36.2)***

107/508 (21.1)

54 (17.6) / 53 (26.2)*

84/408 (20.6)

54 (20.2) / 30 (21.3)

Diurnal variation

85/918 (9.3)

37 (6.9) / 48 (12.7)**

72/487 (14.8)

30 (10.3) / 42 (21.3)**

44/397 (11.1)

23 (9.0) / 21 (14.8)

Difficulty falling asleep

171/922 (18.5)

101 (18.7) / 70 (18.4)

63/492 (12.8)

41 (13.8) / 22 (11.3)

62/395 (15.7)

42 (16.3) / 20 (14.5)

Multiple awakening

225/882 (25.5)

122 (23.3) / 103 (28.8)

120/478 (25.1)

58 (20.1) / 62 (32.8)**

94/386 (24.4)

60 (23.9) / 34 (25.2)

Early morning awakening

117/923 (12.7)

56 (10.2) / 61 (16.2)*

55/494 (11.1)

25 (8.4) / 30 (15.2)*

41/394 (10.4)

24 (9.5) / 17 (12.1)

Suicidal ideation

53/954 (5.6)

20 (3.6) / 33 (8.4)**

22/508 (4.3)

10 (3.3) / 12 (6.0)

16/404 (4.0)

10 (3.8) / 6 (4.3)

Poor self-esteem

128/945 (13.5)

61 (11.0) / 67 (17.3)*

80/511 (15.7)

35 (11.4) / 45 (22.1)**

55/402 (13.7)

31 (11.7) / 24 (17.4)

Pessimism

230/954 (24.1)

113 (20.2) / 117 (29.7)**

121/503 (24.1)

67 (22.0) / 54 (27.1)

73/403 (18.1)

55 (20.8) / 18 (13.0)

Delusions

53/951 (5.6)

18 (3.2) / 35 (9.0)***

22/507 (4.3)

6 (2.0) / 16 (7.9)**

19/401 (4.7)

8 (3.1) / 11 (7.9)*

Cut-off> 0.42^a

184/955 (19.3)

68 (12.1) / 116 (29.4)***

103/511 (20.2)

47 (15.3) / 56 (27.5)**

68/417 (16.3)

42 (15.4) / 26 (17.9)

CSDD items

All

nD / D

All

nD / D

All

nD / D

n/N (%)

n (%) / n (%)

n/N (%)

n (%) / n (%)

n/N (%)

n (%) / n (%)

Anxiety

126/606 (20.8)

72 (18.6) / 54 (24.8)

83/313 (26.5)

47 (22.6) / 36 (34.3)

54/230 (23.5)

27 (16.5) / 27 (40.9)***

Sadness

121/678 (17.8)

74 (17.1) / 47 (19.3)

66/364 (18.1)

38 (16.1) / 28 (21.9)

52/267 (19.5)

34 (18.4) / 18 (22.0)

Lack of Joy

98/802 (12.2)

48 (9.5) / 50 (16.9)**

59/426 (13.8)

25 (9.1) / 34 (22.4)***

37/295 (12.5)

22 (10.9) / 15 (16.1)

Irritability

122/705 (17.3)

64 (14.2) / 58 (22.7)**

73/375 (19.5)

31 (12.5) / 42 (33.1)***

41/254 (16.1)

29 (15.8) / 12 (16.9)

Agitation

37/899 (4.1)

17 (3.1) / 20 (5.6)

21/481 (4.4)

6 (2.0) / 15 (8.2)**

11/327 (3.7)

7 (3.2) / 4 (3.7)

Retardation

93/789 (11.8)

42 (8.2) / 51 (18.3)***

52/424 (12.3)

21 (7.6) / 31 (21.2)***

37/300 (12.3)

18 (8.7) / 19 (20.2)*

Multiple physical complaints

146/614 (23.8)

93 (25.6) / 53 (21.1)

94/321 (29.3)

59 (29.6) / 35 (28.7)

42/206 (20.4)

27 (19.3) / 15 (22.7)

Lack of interest

86/784 (11.0)

42 (8.3) / 44 (15.9)**

56/415 (13.5)

26 (9.4) / 30 (21.6)**

31/296 (10.5)

16 (7.7) / 15 (17.0)*

Appetite loss

97/737 (13.2)

60 (12.8) / 37 (13.8)

51/388 (13.1)

28 (11.2) / 23 (16.8)

35/295 (11.9)

22 (11.2) / 13 (13.3)

Weight loss

81/795 (10.2)

51 (10.4) / 30 (9.8)

42/421 (10.0)

25 (9.4) / 17 (11.0)

30/304 (9.9)

20 (10.1) / 10 (9.5)

Lack of energy

113/683 (16.5)

68 (15.6) / 45 (18.2)

64/356 (18.0)

32 (13.7) / 32 (26.2)**

49/282 (17.4)

32 (16.8) / 17 (18.5)

Diurnal variation

78/833 (9.4)

39 (7.8) / 39 (11.8)

46/431 (10.7)

19 (7.2) / 27 (16.1)**

17/277 (6.1)

11 (5.8) / 6 (6.9)

Difficulty falling asleep

71/751 (9.5)

42 (9.5) / 29 (9.3)

34/387 (8.8)

20 (8.7) / 14 (8.9)

35/283 (12.4)

23 (12.4) / 12 (12.4)

Multiple awakening

119/657 (18.1)

61 (15.2) / 58 (22.7)*

68/342 (19.9)

29 (13.6) / 39 (30.2)***

44/233 (18.9)

30 (18.3) / 14 (20.3)

Early morning awakening

63/806 (7.8)

28 (5.7) / 35 (11.1)**

40/430 (9.3)

19 (7.2) / 21 (12.7)

19/287 (6.6)

8 (4.2) / 11 (11.2)*

Suicidal ideation

28/901 (3.1)

15 (2.8) / 13 (3.6)

20/482 (4.1)

9 (3.0) / 11 (5.9)

9/324 (2.8)

4 (1.9) / 5 (4.6)

Poor self-esteem

76/817 (9.3)

36 (7.3) / 40 (12.5)*

53/438 (12.1)

24 (8.8) / 29 (17.5)*

25/288 (8.7)

14 (7.0) / 11 (12.5)

Pessimism

96/724 (13.3)

62 (13.9) / 34 (12.3)

67/381 (17.6)

41 (17.0) / 26 (18.6)

24/261 (9.2)

20 (11.2) / 4 (4.8)

Delusions

29/898 (3.2)

10 (1.8) / 19 (5.4)**

14/482 (2.9)

4 (1.4) / 10 (5.3)*

13/323 (4.0)

6 (2.8) / 7 (6.4)

Cut-off> 0.42^a

120/771 (15.6)

69 (14.0) / 51 (18.3)

68/410 (16.6)

32 (12.0) / 36 (25.2)*

35/285 (12.3)

25 (12.6) / 10 (11.5)

CSDD items

All

nD / D

All

nD / D

n/N (%)

n (%) / n (%)

n/N (%)

n (%) / n (%)

Anxiety

99/187 (52.9)

44 (47.8) / 55 (57.9)

62/112 (55.4)

37 (63.8) / 25 (46.3)

Sadness

66/142 (46.5)

27 (39.7) / 39 (52.7)

30/78 (38.5)

18 (45.0) / 12 (31.6)

Lack of Joy

28/82 (34.1)

8 (25.8) / 20 (39.2)

14/49 (28.6)

6 (28.6) / 8 (28.6)

Irritability

75/133 (56.4)

25 (43.9) / 50 (65.8)*

43/91 (47.3)

23 (54.8) / 20 (40.8)

Agitation

6/29 (20.7)

1 (11.1) / 5 (25.0)

4/19 (21.1)

1 (16.7) / 3 (23.1)

Retardation

9/28 (32.1)

2 (22.2) / 7 (36.8)

14/46 (30.4)

6 (31.6) / 8 (29.6)

Multiple physical complaints

92/180 (51.1)

51 (48.1) / 41 (55.4)

55/139 (39.6)

34 (40.5) / 21 (38.2)

Lack of interest

26/87 (29.9)

7 (24.1) / 19 (32.8)

13/46 (28.3)

5 (33.3) / 8 (25.8)

Appetite loss

36/117 (30.8)

16 (30.8) / 20 (30.8)

13/50 (26.0)

9 (33.3) / 4 (17.4)

Weight loss

9/71 (12.7)

5 (15.2) / 4 (10.5)

4/34 (11.8)

4 (19.0) / 0

Lack of energy

42/148 (28.4)

22 (30.6) / 20 (26.3)

19/62 (30.6)

12 (35.3) / 7 (25.0)

Diurnal variation

22/43 (51.2)

10 (47.6) / 12 (54.5)

13/44 (29.5)

5 (33.3) / 8 (27.6)

Difficulty falling asleep

26/91 (28.6)

19 (32.8) / 7 (21.2)

13/42 (31.0)

11 (39.3) / 2 (14.3)

Multiple awakening

39/104 (37.5)

22 (38.6) / 17 (36.2)

22/74 (29.7)

14 (36.8) / 8 (22.2)

Early morning awakening

14/56 (25.0)

6 (23.1) / 8 (26.7)

9/39 (23.1)

7 (35.0) / 2 (10.5)

Suicidal ideation

2/26 (7.7)

1 (9.1) / 1 (6.7)

3/16 (18.8)

2 (33.3) / 1 (10.0)

Poor self-esteem

26/69 (37.7)

11 (32.4) / 15 (42.9)

20/52 (38.5)

12 (50.0) / 8 (28.6)

Pessimism

54/121 (44.6)

26 (41.9) / 28 (47.5)

35/76 (46.1)

25 (58.1) / 10 (30.3)*

Delusions

8/23 (34.8)

2 (22.2) / 6 (42.9)

2/14 (14.3)

1 (20.0) / 1 (11.1)

Cut-off> 0.42^a

35/101 (34.7)

15 (37.2) / 20 (32.8)

16/65 (24.6)

8 (26.7) / 8 (22.9)