Table 1 Characteristics of 23 prospective cohort studies included into the present meta-analysis

Stenholm

Finland

mixed

≥50

BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, MS < 42 and 23 kp for men and women below 69 years, respectively; MS < 28 and 18 for men and women aged 70 y, respectively

Age, sex, education, smoking, alcohol use, physical activity hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer

Hirani

Australian

men

76.9 ± 5.5

(ALM/BMI) less than 0.789 for men, Obesity: (fat mass > 30.0%)

age, income, smoking status, physical activity, no of comorbidities, dementia, myocardial infarction, ADL disability, polypharmacy, white cell

count and haemoglobin levels

Atkins

UK

men

60–79

WC > 102 cm and MAMC ≤25.9 cm

Age, smoking, alcohol, occupational social class, physical activity prevalent MI, prevalent stroke, HDL, SBP, FEV1, CRP, D-dimer, vWF, weight loss

Atkins

UK

men

60–79

FFMI ≤16.7 kg/m2 and FMI >11.1 kg/m2

Age, smoking, alcohol, occupational social class, physical activity prevalent MI, prevalent stroke, HDL, SBP, FEV1, CRP, D-dimer, vWF, weight loss

Batsis

USA

men

≥60

BF ≥ 27% and SMMI ≤10.75 kg/m2

Age, sex, ethnicity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, congestive heart failure, non-skin cancer, arthritis coronary artery disease, physical activity, self-reported health, smoking status and mobility limitation

Batsis

USA

women

≥60

BF ≥ 38% and SMMI ≤6.75 kg/m2

Age, sex, ethnicity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, congestive heart failure, non-skin cancer, arthritis coronary artery disease, physical activity, self-reported health, smoking status and mobility limitation

Batsis JA

USA

man

71.1 ± 0.19

LLM as an ALM below 19.75 kg in men body fat 25% or above in men

age, race, poverty income ratio, and smoking, diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, non-skin cancer, coronary artery disease,

arthritis, physical activity, and smoking status

Batsis JA

USA

women

71.1 ± 0.19

and below 15.02 kg in women BF d ≥ 35% in men

age, race, poverty income ratio, and smoking, diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, non-skin cancer, coronary artery disease,

arthritis, physical activity, and smoking status

Hamer M

UK

mixed

66.2 ± 9.5

(BMI ≥30) grip strength (35.3 kg for men and 19.6 kg for women)

age, sex, physical activity, smoking, wealth,

depressive symptoms, and chronic illnesses

Sanade a

Japen

men

71–93

WC ≥ 85 cm and SMI <7.77 kg/m2

Age, education, marital status, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, pack-years smoking, alcohol intake, total cholesterol, and physical activityIndex, Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI) score

Sanade b

Japen

men

71–93

BF ≥ 20 and SMI <7.77 kg/m2

Age, education, marital status, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, pack-years smoking, alcohol intake, total cholesterol, and physical activity Index, Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI) score

Sanade c

Japen

men

71–93

BMI ≥ 25 and SMI <7.77 kg/m2

Age, education, marital status, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, pack-years smoking, alcohol intake, total cholesterol, and physical activity Index, Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI) score

Liu

China

men

82.5 ± 4.7

central obesity (WC of 90 cm or greater) and sarcopenia (surrogated by low handgrip strength < 22.5 kg)

Not available

Lodewick

Netherlands

Mixed gender

64

Body fat: > 44.4% for women

and > 35.7% for men.

L3 skeletal muscle index < 41 cm2/m2 in women, < 43 cm2/m2 in men

Not available

Hara

Japen

Mixed gender

> 65

visceral fat area (VFA)at 100 cm2 for visceral obesity

sarcopenia was skeletal muscle mass at 1.7 kg/m2 for men and 1.2 kg/m2 for women

Not available

Itoh

Japen

Mixed gender

SVR, Skeletal muscle mass-to-visceral fat area ratio

Not available

Montano-Laza

Canada

Mixed gender

57

Sarcopenia:(L3 SMI: ≤41 cm2/m2 for women and ≤ 53 cm2/m2 for men with BMI ≥25 and ≤ 43 cm2/m2 in patients with BMI < 25).

overweight or obesity: (BMI > 25 kg/m2)

Not available

kobayashi

Japen

Mixed

67.6 (9.60)

SMI were defined as 40.31 cm2/m2 in males and 30.88 cm2/m2 in females.

Visceral obesity: visceral adipose tissue area was ≥100 cm2

AFP, DCP, tumor differentiation, TNM stage, surgical procedure, operative blood loss, and SO. Tumor size, number of tumor

Androga

USA

Mixed

63.4 (0.9)

Sarcopenia was defined as ASMI of < 5.45 kg/m2 in women and < 7.26 kg/m2 in men.

Obesity: percentage of total body fat (TBF) greater than 42.1% for women and 29.6% for men.

age, sex, race/ethnicity, education level, activity level, smoking status, diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, history of cancer (other than nonmelanoma skin cancer), eGFR categories, log-transformed urine albumincreatinine ratio, serum albumin, log-transformed C-reactive protein

Androga

USA

Mixed

63.4 (0.9)

Sarcopenia was defined as ASMI of < 5.45 kg/m2 in women and < 7.26 kg/m2 in men.

Obesity: percentage of total body fat (TBF) greater than 42.1% for women and 29.6% for men.

age, sex, race/ethnicity, education level, activity level, smoking status, diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, history of cancer (other than nonmelanoma skin cancer), eGFR categories, log-transformed urine albumincreatinine ratio, serum albumin, log-transformed C-reactive protein

Rier

Netherlands

Mixed

58 ± 11.3

BMI ≥ 30

Low muscle mass (LMM) was defined as a SMI of 41 cm2/m2

Age body mass index year of diagnosis disease free interval metastatic location.

Palmela

Portugal

Mixed

69.3 ± 9.1

SMI lower than 41 cm2/m2 in women or lower than 43 cm2/m2 in men with BMI < 25 kg/m2 and < 53 cm2/m2 in men with BMI ≥25 kg/m2.

BMI ≥25 kg/m2 as obesity

Not available

Ji

China

Mixed

≥65

Skeletal muscle index: 40.8 cm²/m² for male and 34.9 cm²/m² for female

Visceral obesity visceral adipose tissue ≥100cm²

Age, use of vasopressor,mixed organism, and sequential organ failure assessment score.