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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of 65–75 years old people from the four European cohorts

From: Development of a clinical prediction model for the onset of functional decline in people aged 65–75 years: pooled analysis of four European cohort studies

Variable

ActiFE-ULM n = 450

ELSA n = 1136

InCHIANTI n = 470

LASA n = 504

Total n = 2560

Outcome

 Functional decline at follow-up

100 (22.2)

272 (23.9)

91 (19.4)

109 (21.6)

572 (22.3)

Sociodemographic variables

 Sex, female

181 (40.2)

553 (48.7)

228 (48.5)

252 (50.0)

1214 (47.4)

 Age, years

70.4 ± 2.8

69.4 ± 3.1

69.6 ± 3.0

70.0 ± 3.1

69.7 ± 3.0

 Living alone

74 (16.4)

294 (25.9)

61 (13.0)

142 (28.2)

571 (22.3)

 Married

346 (76.9)

769 (67.7)

349 (74.3)

341 (67.7)

1805 (70.5)

  > 9 years formal education

237 (52.7)

895 (78.8)

63 (13.4)

234 (46.4)

1429 (55.8)

Lifestyle and clinical variables

 Smoking status

  Never smoker

230 (51.1)

478 (42.1)

238 (50.6)

138 (27.4)

1084 (42.3)

  Former smoker

186 (41.3)

543 (47.8)

139 (29.6)

239 (47.4)

1107 (43.2)

  Current smoker

34 (7.6)

114 (10.0)

93 (19.8)

91 (18.1)

332 (13.0)

Alcohol consumption

 Never/< 1 month

76 (16.9)

276 (24.3)

117 (24.9)

78 (15.5)

547 (21.4)

 Low

119 (26.4)

412 (36.3)

169 (36.0)

247 (49.0)

947 (37.0)

 Moderate

125 (27.8)

213 (18.8)

95 (20.2)

41 (8.1)

474 (18.5)

 High

130 (28.9)

211 (18.6)

87 (18.5)

102 (20.2)

530 (20.7)

Physical activity

 High

141 (31.3)

265 (23.3)

39 (8.3)

165 (32.7)

610 (23.8)

 Moderate

143 (31.8)

676 (59.5)

203 (43.2)

164 (32.5)

1186 (46.3)

 Low

142 (31.6)

195 (17.2)

226 (48.1)

169 (33.5)

732 (28.6)

 BMI, kg/m2

26.9 ± 3.6

27.0 ± 3.8

27.4 ± 3.8

26.3 ± 3.5

27.0 ± 3.7

 Mean arterial pressure, mmHG

100.2 ± 9.7

96.6 ± 11.7

104.5 ± 11.4

104.4 ± 14.1

100.3 ± 12.3

Self-reported disease

 Cardiovascular

68 (15.1)

229 (20.2)

29 (6.2)

82 (16.3)

408 (15.9)

 Diabetes

50 (11.1)

71 (6.3)

50 (10.6)

24 (4.8)

195 (7.5)

 COPD

7 (1.6)

59 (5.2)

36 (7.7)

43 (8.5)

145 (5.7)

 Stroke

8 (1.8)

33 (2.9)

16 (3.4)

13 (2.6)

70 (2.7)

 Arthritis

198 (44.0)

288 (25.4)

66 (14.0)

172 (34.1)

724 (28.3)

 Cancer

67 (14.9)

87 (7.7)

24 (5.1)

53 (10.5)

231 (9.0)

 Depressive symptomsa

18 (4.0)

133 (11.7)

94 (20.0)

41 (8.1)

286 (11.2)

 Cognitive functionb

29 (28–30)

30 (26–33)

27 (25–28)

28 (27–29)

NA

Physical performance variables

 Unable to perform tandem stand for 10s

26 (5.8)

101 (8.9)

42 (8.9)

83 (16.5)

252 (9.8)

 Chair stands, s

10.2 ± 3.2

11.3 ± 3.3

10.2 ± 2.4

11.7 ± 3.0

11.0 ± 3.2

 Gait speed, m/s

1.12 ± 0.27

0.97 ± 0.26

1.29 ± 0.20

0.95 ± 0.24

1.01 ± 0.40

 Handgrip strength, kg

36.1 ± 11.2

32.9 ± 10.0

33.9 ± 11.9

33.3 ± 10.2

33.8 ± 10.7

 Fall in prior 12 monthsc

128 (28.4)

248 (21.8)

79 (16.8)

138 (27.4)

593 (23.2)

  1. BMI body mass index; COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  2. Data are presented as mean ± SD or n (%) or median (IQR)
  3. aDefined by validated cutoff score for Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale [25] (in ELSA, InCHIANTI, LASA) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression subscale [26] (in ActiFE-ULM)
  4. bAssessed with Mini-Mental State Examination [27] (range 1–30, in ActiFE-ULM, InCHANTI, LASA) or Cognitive Function Index [28] (range 0–44, in ELSA). Tertiles in harmonised analysis
  5. cFall in prior 24 months in ELSA