Skip to main content

Table 5 Multivariate adjusted correlates of better age-comparative self-rated health status by residential area and gender in the China Kadoorie Biobank study, 2004–2008a

From: The distribution and correlates of self-rated health in elderly Chinese: the China Kadoorie Biobank study

Variables

Male

Female

P for interaction

Rural

Urban

P for interaction

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

 

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

 

Demographic factors

 Age (ref. = 60–64 yr)

    

0.03

    

0.64

  65–69 yr

1.25

1.16, 1.36

1.18

1.10, 1.26

 

1.17

1.09, 1.27

1.25

1.16, 1.35

 

  ≥ 70 yr

1.88

1.72, 2.06

1.45

1.34, 1.57

 

1.60

1.46, 1.74

1.67

1.54, 1.81

 

 Gender (ref. = Female)

     

1.35

1.22, 1.48

1.55

1.40, 1.70

0.02

 Residential area (ref. = Rural)

1.69

1.56, 1.83

2.13

2.00, 2.28

0.02

     

Socioeconomic factors

 Marital status (ref. = Married)

    

0.05

    

0.009

  windowed

1.07

0.96, 1.19

1.24

1.16, 1.32

 

1.09

1.00, 1.17

1.30

1.20, 1.42

 

  Separated/divorced/never married

0.93

0.72, 1.18

1.05

0.72, 1.55

 

0.79

0.60, 1.05

1.21

0.89, 1.65

 

 Educational level (ref. = No formal school)

   

0.01

    

< 0.001

  Primary School

1.27

1.16, 1.40

1.29

1.20, 1.39

 

1.32

1.22, 1.42

1.21

1.11, 1.32

 

  Middle or high School

1.98

1.77, 2.22

1.68

1.53, 1.85

 

2.06

1.84, 2.29

1.70

1.54, 1.88

 

  College or university

2.75

2.34, 3.25

2.77

2.30, 3.34

 

3.23

2.15, 4.84

2.60

2.26, 2.99

 

 Annual household income, US Dollar (ref. = 0–1449)

  

0.02

    

< 0.001

  1450–2899

1.30

1.19, 1.42

1.15

1.07, 1.24

 

1.22

1.13, 1.33

1.18

1.08, 1.29

 

  2890–5072

1.50

1.34, 1.67

1.28

1.17, 1.41

 

1.52

1.34, 1.73

1.32

1.20, 1.45

 

   ≥ 5073

1.91

1.68, 2.17

1.38

1.24, 1.55

 

1.98

1.68, 2.34

1.50

1.35, 1.67

 

  House ownership (ref. = No)

1.25

1.15, 1.36

1.33

1.24, 1.43

0.03

1.24

1.14, 1.36

1.31

1.22, 1.40

< 0.001

Health behaviors

 Smoking status (ref. = Never smoker)

    

< 0.001

    

0.43

  Former smoker and quit by choices

1.32

1.15, 1.51

1.06

0.84, 1.35

 

1.40

1.17, 1.67

1.27

1.10, 1.47

 

  Former smoker and quit by illness

0.45

0.40, 0.51

0.64

0.52, 0.80

 

0.52

0.45, 0.61

0.48

0.42, 0.55

 

  Occasional smoker

0.98

0.86, 1.12

0.90

0.75, 1.07

 

1.07

0.94, 1.22

0.96

0.82, 1.12

 

  Current smoker

1.01

0.92, 1.11

1.04

0.93, 1.18

 

1.09

0.99, 1.20

1.01

0.91, 1.12

 

 Alcohol status (ref. = Never drinker)

    

< 0.001

    

< 0.001

  Former drinker

0.63

0.55, 0.72

1.21

0.92, 1.60

 

0.82

0.70, 0.96

0.51

0.42, 0.61

 

  Occasional drinker

1.73

1.58, 1.89

1.53

1.43, 1.65

 

1.64

1.52, 1.78

1.62

1.50, 1.75

 

  Current drinker

2.19

2.01, 2.40

2.50

2.16, 2.89

 

2.27

2.05, 2.50

2.00

1.81, 2.21

 

 Physical activity (MET-h/day) (ref. = Q1)

   

0.06

    

< 0.001

  Q2

1.87

1.72, 2.03

1.75

1.63, 1.87

 

1.69

1.56, 1.83

1.85

1.72, 1.98

 

  Q3

2.38

2.14, 2.65

2.29

2.09, 2.50

 

2.12

1.93, 2.32

2.72

2.44, 3.03

 

  Q4

3.33

2.89, 3.83

2.38

2.10, 2.70

 

2.29

2.04, 2.58

4.06

3.42, 4.81

 

 BMI category (ref. = Normal weight)

    

0.003

    

0.01

  Underweight

0.47

0.42, 0.54

0.50

0.44, 0.57

 

0.56

0.50, 0.63

0.40

0.34, 0.47

 

  Overweight

1.45

1.34, 1.57

1.20

1.12, 1.28

 

1.19

1.10, 1.28

1.39

1.30, 1.49

 

  Obesity

1.14

1.00, 1.29

0.91

0.83, 0.99

 

0.90

0.79, 1.02

1.07

0.97, 1.17

 

 Weight change in the past year (ref. = Change ±2.5 kg)

 

0.002

    

< 0.001

  Lost ≥2.5 kg

0.53

0.48, 0.59

0.61

0.56, 0.66

 

0.55

0.50, 0.61

0.59

0.54, 0.64

 

  Gained ≥2.5 kg

1.15

1.02, 1.30

0.96

0.87, 1.06

 

1.31

1.17, 1.48

0.86

0.78, 0.96

 
  1. Odds ratios (95% CI) were calculated after adjustment of other variables shown in the table plus 10 study locations, cardiometabolic diseases, respiratory diseases, musculoskeletal diseases, mental diseases, digestive diseases, cancer and other diseases, except for the stratified variable in the corresponding stratified analysis
  2. Abbreviations: BMI Body mass index, CI Confidence intervals, MET Metabolic equivalent task, OR Odds ratio
  3. aParticipants answering “don’t know” (n = 5271) and “about the same” (n = 74,983) for the age-comparative self-rated health status question were excluded from the analysis, leaving 44,528 participants in this analysis