Variables | Male | Female | P for interaction | Rural | Urban | P for interaction | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | Â | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
Demographic factors | ||||||||||
 Age (ref. = 60–64 yr) |  |  |  |  | 0.24 |  |  |  |  | 0.10 |
  65–69 yr | 1.04 | 0.99, 1.08 | 1.00 | 0.96, 1.04 |  | 0.99 | 0.95, 1.03 | 1.06 | 1.02, 1.11 |  |
  ≥ 70 yr | 1.10 | 1.04, 1.15 | 1.00 | 0.95, 1.05 |  | 1.00 | 0.95, 1.05 | 1.10 | 1.05, 1.15 |  |
 Gender (ref. = Female) |  |  |  |  |  | 1.21 | 1.15, 1.28 | 1.35 | 1.28, 1.43 | 0.54 |
 Residential area (ref. = Rural) | 1.26 | 1.21, 1.32 | 1.29 | 1.24, 1.34 | 0.54 |  |  |  |  |  |
Socioeconomic factors | ||||||||||
 Marital status (ref. = Married) |  |  |  |  | 0.03 |  |  |  |  | 0.003 |
  windowed | 1.01 | 0.95, 1.07 | 1.08 | 1.04, 1.12 |  | 0.99 | 0.95, 1.04 | 1.12 | 1.06, 1.17 |  |
  Separated/divorced/never married | 0.82 | 0.72, 0.94 | 1.08 | 0.85, 1.36 |  | 0.82 | 0.71, 0.95 | 0.97 | 0.81, 1.18 |  |
Educational level (ref. = No formal school) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 | |
  Primary School | 1.01 | 0.96, 1.07 | 1.09 | 1.04, 1.14 |  | 1.09 | 1.04, 1.14 | 0.99 | 0.94, 1.04 |  |
  Middle or high School | 1.17 | 1.10, 1.25 | 1.14 | 1.08, 1.21 |  | 1.25 | 1.17, 1.32 | 1.11 | 1.05, 1.18 |  |
  College or university | 1.40 | 1.28, 1.53 | 1.32 | 1.18, 1.47 |  | 1.71 | 1.35, 2.17 | 1.37 | 1.26, 1.48 |  |
 Annual household income, US Dollar (ref. = 0–1449) |  |  | 0.66 |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 | ||
  1450–2899 | 1.13 | 1.08, 1.19 | 1.08 | 1.04, 1.14 |  | 1.16 | 1.11, 1.21 | 1.03 | 0.98, 1.09 |  |
  2890–5072 | 1.17 | 1.11, 1.24 | 1.12 | 1.06, 1.18 |  | 1.22 | 1.15, 1.29 | 1.09 | 1.03, 1.15 |  |
   ≥ 5073 | 1.36 | 1.27, 1.45 | 1.25 | 1.17, 1.33 |  | 1.59 | 1.48, 1.70 | 1.13 | 1.06, 1.20 |  |
 House ownership (ref. = No) | 1.15 | 1.10, 1.20 | 1.17 | 1.12, 1.22 | < 0.001 | 1.14 | 1.08, 1.20 | 1.16 | 1.11, 1.20 | < 0.001 |
Health behaviors | ||||||||||
 Smoking status (ref. = Never smoker) |  |  |  |  | 0.08 |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
  Former smoker and quit by choices | 1.13 | 1.05, 1.21 | 1.10 | 0.94, 1.28 |  | 1.08 | 0.98, 1.18 | 1.18 | 1.09, 1.28 |  |
  Former smoker and quit by illness | 0.64 | 0.60, 0.69 | 0.74 | 0.63, 0.86 |  | 0.65 | 0.60, 0.71 | 0.67 | 0.61, 0.72 |  |
  Occasional smoker | 0.90 | 0.84, 0.97 | 0.94 | 0.83, 1.05 |  | 0.94 | 0.87, 1.02 | 0.91 | 0.83, 0.99 |  |
  Current smoker | 0.97 | 0.93, 1.02 | 1.03 | 0.95, 1.11 |  | 0.99 | 0.94, 1.05 | 0.99 | 0.93, 1.05 |  |
 Alcohol status (ref. = Never drinker) |  |  |  |  | 0.001 |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
  Former drinker | 0.81 | 0.74, 0.88 | 0.96 | 0.79, 1.17 |  | 0.86 | 0.79, 0.95 | 0.71 | 0.63, 0.79 |  |
  Occasional drinker | 1.25 | 1.19, 1.31 | 1.23 | 1.18, 1.29 |  | 1.29 | 1.23, 1.35 | 1.20 | 1.15, 1.26 |  |
  Current drinker | 1.42 | 1.35, 1.48 | 1.56 | 1.43, 1.70 |  | 1.43 | 1.36, 1.51 | 1.37 | 1.30, 1.45 |  |
 Physical activity (MET-h/day) (ref. = Q1) |  |  |  | 0.07 |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 | |
  Q2 | 1.35 | 1.29, 1.41 | 1.34 | 1.29, 1.39 |  | 1.32 | 1.26, 1.37 | 1.35 | 1.30, 1.41 |  |
  Q3 | 1.42 | 1.34, 1.51 | 1.40 | 1.33, 1.48 |  | 1.25 | 1.19, 1.32 | 1.72 | 1.61, 1.83 |  |
  Q4 | 1.71 | 1.60, 1.84 | 1.42 | 1.32, 1.52 |  | 1.35 | 1.27, 1.43 | 2.17 | 1.96, 2.39 |  |
 BMI category (ref. = Normal weight) |  |  |  |  | 0.18 |  |  |  |  | 0.13 |
  Underweight | 0.67 | 0.63, 0.72 | 0.72 | 0.67, 0.78 |  | 0.74 | 0.69, 0.78 | 0.64 | 0.58, 0.71 |  |
  Overweight | 1.11 | 1.06, 1.16 | 1.09 | 1.05, 1.14 |  | 1.07 | 1.03, 1.12 | 1.13 | 1.09, 1.18 |  |
  Obesity | 0.99 | 0.92, 1.07 | 0.94 | 0.89, 0.99 |  | 0.90 | 0.84, 0.97 | 1.01 | 0.95, 1.06 |  |
 Weight change in the past year (ref. = Change ±2.5 kg) |  | 0.10 |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 | |||
  Lost ≥2.5 kg | 0.72 | 0.67, 0.76 | 0.77 | 0.73, 0.81 |  | 0.69 | 0.65, 0.73 | 0.79 | 0.75, 0.84 |  |
  Gained ≥2.5 kg | 1.11 | 1.04, 1.19 | 1.05 | 0.98, 1.12 |  | 1.15 | 1.07, 1.23 | 1.02 | 0.96, 1.09 |  |