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Table 4 Number and Raw Percentage of Characteristics by PIM Use* Adjusted Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals From Logistic Regression on PIM Use among Older Patients

From: Prevalence of potentially inappropriate medications use among older adults and risk factors using the 2015 American Geriatrics Society Beers criteria

 

PIM Use

No PIM Use

 

PIM Use

 

N

%

N

%

P value

Sig.

OR

95% CI

Sig.

Total

2346

57.5

1727

42.4

     

Age Mean

72.8

 

72.3

 

0.23

    

Marital Status

    

0.77

    

 Single

88

56.1

69

43.9

     

 Married

1995

57.2

1493

42.8

     

Gender

    

0.36

    

 Male

999

56.8

760

43.2

     

 Female

1347

58.2

967

41.8

     

Nationality

    

0.25

    

 Saudi

2165

57.9

1572

42.1

     

 Non-Saudi

181

54.7

150

45.3

     

Hypertension

    

0.00

***

   

 Yes

1802

59.9

1205

40.1

  

0.95

[0.79, 1.13]

 

Diabetes

    

0.00

***

  

***

 Yes

1523

66.0

786

34.0

  

2.03

[1.76, 2.34]

 

Dyslipidemia

    

0.00

**

   

 Yes

1320

59.8

889

40.2

  

0.98

[0.84, 1.13]

 

Heart failure

    

0.00

***

  

***

 Yes

48

94.1

13

5.9

  

8.19

[2.36, 28.38]

 

Ischemic Heart disease

    

0.00

***

  

***

 Yes

207

81.5

47

18.5

  

2.74

[1.93, 3.88]

 

Chronic kidney disease

    

0.00

***

  

***

 Yes

97

81.5

22

18.5

  

2.34

[1.41, 3.87]

 

Cancer

    

0.00

***

  

***

 Yes

97

78.9

26

21.1

  

2.71

[1.65, 4.44]

 

Asthma

    

0.46

    

 Yes

239

59.3

164

40.7

     

COPD

    

0.03

*

   

 Yes

14

82.4

31

17.6

  

0.72

[0.17, 3.01]

 

Osteoarthritis

    

0.00

**

  

***

 Yes

191

51.2

182

48.8

  

0.61

[0.48, 0.76]

 

Osteoporosis

    

0.00

**

  

***

 Yes

172

50.0

172

50.0

  

0.63

[0.49, 0.79]

 

Anxiety

    

0.00

***

  

**

 Yes

262

69.7

114

30.3

  

1.5

[1.15, 1.96]

 

Depression

    

0.68

    

 Yes

33

55.0

27

45.0

     

Dementia

    

0.51

    

 Yes

16

64.0

19

36.0

     

Polypharmacy

    

0.00

***

  

***

  > =5

2188

66.7

1091

33.3

  

7.79

[6.36, 9.54]

 

 0 to 4 drugs

158

19.9

636

80.1

     
  1. Note: Study population comprised of 4187 (age > 65 year) who visited ambulatory care from tertiary hospital
  2. The reference category for all chronic conditions was “No”
  3. T-test was used to assess the association between age and PIM use
  4. CI Confidence Interval, OR Odds Ratio, Ref Reference Group
  5. Asterisks (*) represent significant differences in polypharmacy
  6. ***P < .001; **.001 ≤ p < .01; *.01 ≤ p < .05
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