Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
Author, published year | Location | Sample size | Age | Male(%) | Type of surgery | Type of complication | Follow-up | Result (events/total) | Adjustment | NOS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Makary, 2010 | USA | 594 | ≥65 years | 236 (39.7) | All types | Surgical complications defined by NSQIP | Surgery after 30 days | Frailty 15/62 Pre-frailty 40/186 Robust 47/346 | Adjust age, race, gender, comorbidity, operation category, ASA, Lee score, Eagle score: Frailty VS Robust OR=2.54 (1.12,5,77) Pre-frailty VS Robust OR=2.06 (1.18,3.6) | 9 |
Singh, 2011 | America | 545 | ≥65 years | 376 (69.0) | Cardiac surgery | Death, myocardial infarction | 3 years | Frailty 48/117 Non-frailty 73/428 | Adjust age, gender: Frailty VS Non-frailty HR=2.61 (1.52,4.5) | 8 |
Madeleine, 2012 | America | 37 | ≥65 years | 0 | gynecologic oncology patients undergoing surgery | Surgical complications which defined by NSQIP | Surgery after 30 days | Frailty 4/6 Pre-frailty 1/10 Robust 5/21 | N/A | 6 |
Gharacholou, 2012 | America | 545 | ≥65 years | 376 (69.0) | cardiac surgery | major cardiovascular events | Surgery after 30 days | Frailty 11/117 Pre-frailty 30/298 Robust 10/130 | N/A | 8 |
Kristjansson, 2011 | Norway | 176 | ≥70 years | 75 (42.6) | General surgery | The Clavien-Dindo classification of all type complications | Surgery after 30 days | Frailty 11/22 Pre-frailty 43/84 Robust 28/70 | N/A | 7 |
Tan, 2012 | Singapore | 83 | ≥75 years | N/A | General surgery | the Clavien-Dindo classification of type II and above complications | Surgery after 30 days | Frailty 11/23 Non-frailty 11/60 | Adjust age, operation type, ASA, comorbidity, BMI, albumin: Frailty VS Non-frailty OR= 4.08 (1.43,11.64) | 8 |
Kistler, 2015 | America | 35 | ≥65 years | 6 (17.1) | Orthopedic surgery | Pneumonia, cardiac events, renal insufficiency or failure, delirium | during hospital admission | Frailty 12/18 Non-frailty 5/17 | N/A | 6 |
Ad, 2016 | America | 166 | ≥65 years | 125 (75.3) | cardiac surgery | STS-defined complications and death | Surgery after 30 days | Frailty 5/39 Non-frailty 11/127 | Adjust age, gender, BMI, EuroSCORE II: Frailty VS Non-frailty OR = 1.15 (0.33,3,98) | 8 |
Cooper, 2016 | America | 415 | ≥70 years | 165 (39.8) | Orthopedic surgery | major and minor complications | Surgery after 30 days | Frailty 83/145 Pre-frailty 122/223 Robust 15/47 | Adjust age, gender: Frailty VS Robust RR = 1.7 (1.1,2,1) Pre-frailty VS Robust OR = 1.6 (1.1,2.1) | 7 |
Khan, 2016 | Singapore | 25 | >65 years | 17 (68.0) | non‑cardiac major surgery | Hospital acquired infection, cardiac complications and delirium | Surgery after 10 days | Frailty 2/14 Non-frailty 2/11 | Adjust cerebral oxygenation: Frailty VS Non-frailty OR = 1.27 (0.21,7.65) | 7 |
Hamonangan, 2016 | Indonesia | 100 | >60 years | 69 (69.0) | cardiac surgery | MACE (death, myocardial infarction, and re-revascularization) | Surgery after 30 days | Frailty 5/61 Non-frailty 2/39 | N/A | 7 |
Rodriguez,2015 | Spain | 102 | ≥70 years | 54 (52.9) | cardiac surgery | Heart failure | 1 year | Frailty 15/29 Robust 12/73 | Adjust dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, and minute ventilation /carbon dioxide production slope: Frailty VS Robust OR = 4.55 (1.73, 12.01) | 8 |