Table 2 Health screening measurements, source of population norm data, compliance with population norms, and age and gender effects on non-compliance. An OR less than 1 indicates that males are more likely than females to have the outcome and an OR greater than 1 indicates that females are more likely to have the outcome than males
From: Health deficits in community dwelling adults aged 40 to 75 years
Measure | Non-compliant n (%) | Independent age group effect | Independent gender effect | Age and gender subgroups |
|---|---|---|---|---|
(OR 95% CI) | (OR 95% CI) | (OR 95% CI) | ||
Comparator 40–49 y | Comparator Female | Comparator Female 40-49y | ||
Overweight or obese* | 338 (61.1) | 40-49y OR = 1 | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | |
BMI 25–29.9 (overweight), 30+ (obese) [13] | 50-59y 1.7 (1.1–2.9) | |||
60-69y 1.8 (1.2–2.9) | ||||
70 + y 2.2 (1.3–3.9) | ||||
Waist-hip ratio | 298 (53.1) | 40-49y OR = 1 | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | Compared with F 40-49y: |
50-59y 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | M40-49y 0.2 (0.07–0.4) | |||
High risk: > 0.90 for males; > 0.85 for females [13] | 60-69y 1.0 (0.6–1.7) | M50-59y 0.3 (0.1–0.5) | ||
70 + y 1.1 (0.7–3.9) | M60-69y 0.6 (0.3–0.3) | |||
Physical activity* (see Footnote for description) | 293 (52.9) | No significant age effects | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) | |
Blood Glucose 3.0–7.7 mmol/L [16] | 216 (38.5) | No significant age effects | No significant gender effects | |
Audiology* | 188 (33.9) | 40-49y OR = 1 | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | Compared with F40-49y: |
7 or 8 = pass [17] | 50-59y 2.5 (1.2–5.0) | F 50-59y 3.1 (1.2–8.1) | ||
60-69y 7.6 (3.9–14.6) | F 60-69y 6.0 (2.4–15.1) | |||
70 + y 6.7 (3.4–13.3) | F 70 + y 7.3 (2.9–18.6) | |||
M 60-69y 20.0 (7.3–54.5) | ||||
M 70 + y 8.4 (2.8–24.9) | ||||
Waist circumference* | 185 (33.4) | No significant age effects | 2.1 (1.4–3.2) | Compared with F 40-49y: |
High risk: females: ≥ 88 cm | M 40-49y 0.04 (0.01–0.1) | |||
males: ≥102 cm or more [13] | M 50-59y 0.1 (0.05–0.3) | |||
M 60-69y 0.14 (0.1–0.3) | ||||
M70 + y 0.1 (0.05–0.2) | ||||
Cognition and memory* | 179 (32.3) | No significant age effects | No significant gender effects | |
GPCog <=8 [18] | ||||
Blood pressure* | 164 (29.6) | 40-49y OR = 1 | No significant gender effects | Compared with F 40-49y: |
90-140 mmHg systolic, 60-90 mmHg diastolic [16] | 50-59y 1.3 (0.7–2.3) | F 70 + y 2.5 (1.2–5.3) | ||
60-69y 1.5 (0.9–2.5) | M 60-69y 2.7 (1.2–6.1) | |||
70 + y 1.9 (1.1–3.5) | ||||
Mobility* | 140 (25.3) | 40-49y OR = 1 | 1.4 (1.0–2.2) | Compared with F 40-49y: |
Six Minute Walk Test (6MWT) | 50-59y 1.3 (0.8–3.1) | F 70 + y 4.1 (1.8–8.9) | ||
6MWDm = 518.853 + (1.25 x height in cm) – (2.816 x age in years) – (39.07 x sex men = 0; women = 1) [19, 20] | 60-69y 2.3 (1.2–4.3) | |||
70 + y 3.8 (1.9–7.4) | ||||
Foot sensation* | 123 (22.6) | 40-49y OR = 1 | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | Compared with F 40-49y: |
Mono-filament testing All 20 correct responses (10 each foot) [21 | 50-59y 2.2 (1.0–4.5) | F 60-69y 3.6 (1.3–9.9) | ||
60-69y 2.9 (1.5–5.9) | F 70 + y 4.2 (1.5–11.6) | |||
70 + y 4.1 (2.0–8.5) | M 50-59y 4.0 (1.6–12.8) | |||
M 60-69y 4.8 (1.6–14.1) | ||||
M 70 + y 10.2 (3.2–32.4) | ||||
Perceived exertion* | 115 (20.5) | No significant age effects | No significant gender effects | |
Borg Exertion Scale | ||||
scale 6–20, at-risk values> 13 [22] | ||||
Sleep quality* | 113 (20.4) | No significant age effects | No significant gender effects | |
Lung capacity* | 82 (14.8) | No significant age effects | No significant gender effects | Compared with F 40-49y) |
FEV1, FVC Normative tables for age and gender see [25] | M 40-49y 3.9 (1.3–11.9) | |||
M 50-59y 3.9 (1.2–12.3) | ||||
Dexterity* | 82 (14.4) | No significant age effects | No significant gender effects | |
The Purdue Dexterity Test norms see [26] | ||||
Grip strength* (dominant hand) Hand held dynamometer | 74 (13.4) | No significant age effects | No significant gender effects | |
At-risk is in lowest 20th% of gender-age distribution [27, 28] | ||||
Respiratory rate* | 17 (13.1) | No significant age effects | No significant gender effects | |
12–20 breaths/min [16] | ||||
Oximetry* | 36 (6.5) | 40-49y OR = 1 | No significant gender effects | |
< 96% [16] | 50-59y 6.1 (0.73–50.3) | |||
60-69y 1.8 (1.5–90.4) | ||||
70 + y 9.7 (1.2–77.3) | ||||
K10 Psychological Distress* | 32 (5.8) | No significant age effects | No significant gender effects | |
≥ 13 [29] | ||||
Dyspnoea | 8 (1.4) | No significant age effects | No significant gender effects | |
Borg Dyspnoea Scale At-risk values > 4 [22] | ||||
Temperature | 3 (0.5) | No significant age effects | No significant gender effects | |
35.5–37.5 degrees C [16] | ||||
Heart rate | 4 (0.4) | No significant age effects | No significant gender effects | |
60–100 beats per min [16] |