Body weight, frailty, and chronic pain in older adults: a cross-sectional study

BMC Geriatrics

Table 3 Multivariable analysis of the association between BMI and chronic pain, with and without adjustment for frailty (N = 3693)

Risk Factors	Chronic Pain vs No Chronic Pain
	Model 1 without Frailty		Model 2 with Frailty
	PR	95% CI	PR	95% CI
Frailty
No	–		1.00	–
Yes	–		2.84	2.18–3.69
BMI
Normal	1.00	–	1.00	–
Underweight	1.82	1.37–2.42	1.64	1.24–2.17
Overweight	1.13	0.90–1.41	1.14	0.92–1.43
Obese	1.41	1.13–1.17	1.33	1.06–1.66
Age group, y
65–69	1.00	–	1.00	–
70–79	0.89	0.73–1.07	0.82	0.68–0.99
≥ 80	0.77	0.61–0.96	0.63	0.51–0.80
Gender
Male	1.00	–	1.00	–
Female	1.11	0.93–1.32	1.12	0.94–1.32
Race/Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White	1.00	–	1.00	–
Non-Hispanic Black	0.83	0.65–1.05	0.86	0.68–1.08
Mexican American	0.67	0.51–0.88	0.67	0.51–0.88
Other Hispanic	0.91	0.57–1.47	0.97	0.61–1.56
Others^a	1.26	0.76–2.08	1.15	0.69–1.91
Education^b
< High school	1.00	–	1.00	–
High school	0.96	0.77–1.19	1.0	0.80–1.24
Some college	1.00	0.80–1.26	1.04	0.83–1.30
College	1.04	0.78–1.39	1.07	0.81–1.42
Family income-to-poverty ratio
< 1	1.00	–	1.00	–
1–2	0.86	0.70–1.06	0.88	0.72–1.08
> 2 - < 4	0.86	0.69–1.07	0.89	0.72–1.11
≥ 4	0.81	0.62–1.06	0.85	0.65–1.12
Alcohol use^b
No use	1.00	–	1.00	–
Moderate use	1.10	0.85–1.42	1.14	0.89–1.46
Heavy use	1.17	0.80–1.72	1.21	0.83–1.77
Smoking^b
Never smoker	1.00	–	1.00	–
Former smoker	1.05	0.87–1.26	1.03	0.86–1.24
Current smoker	1.08	0.80–1.46	1.03	0.76–1.38
Cancer^b
No	1.00	–	1.00	–
Yes	1.068	0.87–1.28	0.97	0.80–1.18
Number of chronic conditions^c
0	1.00	–	1.00	–
1	2.47	1.51–4.02	2.02	1.24–3.30
2	3.90	2.43–6.25	2.50	1.53–4.07
≥3	6.45	4.09–10.18	3.39	2.09–5.48

Abbreviations. BMI Body mass index, PR Prevalence ratio, CI Confidence interval
^aOthers included Asian, the natives of North American, multi-racial, and individuals with other or unknown races and ethnicities
^bImputed those with missing values for regression analysis
^cChronic conditions of interest include arthritis, osteoporosis, hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, heart attack, thyroid condition, stroke, angina, depression, heart failure, and kidney disease

ISSN: 1471-2318