Body weight, frailty, and chronic pain in older adults: a cross-sectional study

BMC Geriatrics

Table 2 Multivariable analysis of the association between BMI and frailty among US older adults (N = 3693)

Risk Factors	Frailty vs. Non-frailty
	Adjusted PR	95% CI
BMI
Normal	1.00	–
Underweight	1.25	1.16–1.36
Overweight	0.97	0.91–1.03
Obese	1.15	1.07–1.22
Age group, y
65–69	1.00	–
70–79	1.22	1.13–1.31
≥ 80	1.55	1.44–1.67
Gender
Male	1.00	–
Female	1.00	0.95–1.05
Race/Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White	1.00	–
Non-Hispanic Black	0.92	0.86–1.00
Mexican American	1.02	0.95–1.10
Other Hispanic	0.93	0.79–1.10
Others^a	1.16	1.00–1.34
Education^b
< High school	1.00	–
High school	0.94	0.88–1.00
Some college	0.94	0.88–1.00
College	0.96	0.88–1.04
Family income-to-poverty ratio
< 1	1.00	–
1–2	0.96	0.91–1.02
> 2 - < 4	0.89	0.82–0.96
≥ 4	0.96	0.88–1.04
Alcohol use^b
Nonuse	1.00	–
Moderate use	0.93	0.87–1.00
Heavy use	0.94	0.84–1.04
Smoking^b
Never smoker	1.00	–
Former smoker	1.07	1.01–1.12
Current smoker	1.14	1.03–1.25
Cancer^b
No	1.00	–
Yes	1.20	1.14–1.27
Number of chronic conditions^c
0	1.00	–
1	1.93	1.60–2.32
2	3.17	2.66–3.78
≥3	4.45	3.75–5.28

Abbreviations. BMI Body mass index, PR Prevalence ratio, CI Confidence interval
^aOthers included Asian, the natives of North American, multi-racial, and individuals with other or unknown races and ethnicities
^bImputed those with missing values for regression analysis
^cChronic conditions of interest include arthritis, osteoporosis, hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, heart attack, thyroid condition, stroke, angina, depression, heart failure, and kidney disease

ISSN: 1471-2318