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Table 3 Multivariate models showing the associations of DBI score with adverse health outcomes in Irish community-dwelling older people

From: Impact of drug burden index on adverse health outcomes in Irish community-dwelling older people: a cohort study

 

ADL disabilitya

n = 1869

OR (95% CI)

IADL disabilityb

n = 1869

OR (95% CI)

Fallsc

n = 1726

OR (95% CI)

Hospitalisationd

n = 1726

OR (95% CI)

ED visitse

n = 1725

OR (95% CI)

Frailtyf

n = 1221

OR (95% CI)

Quality of Lifeg

n = 1246

β (95% CI)

DBI exposure

 None (reference)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Low (DBI score > 0 to < 1)

1.40 (1.00, 1.95)

1.38 (0.95, 2.00)

1.40 (1.08, 1.81)*

1.25 (0.94, 1.67)

1.29 (0.98, 1.71)

1.39 (1.06, 1.83)*

−1.55 (−2.38, − 0.73)*

 High (DBI score ≥ 1)

1.89 (1.25, 2.88)*

2.97 (1.91, 4.61)*

1.50 (1.03, 2.18)*

1.33 (0.88, 2.01)

1.44 (0.96, 2.15)

1.74 (1.14, 2.67)*

−1.84 (−3.14, − 0.54)*

Age (years)

1.06 (1.03, 1.08)*

1.09 (1.06, 1.12)*

1.02 (1.00, 1.04)

0.99 (0.97, 1.01)

0.99 (0.97, 1.01)

1.10 (1.08, 1.13)*

−0.41 (− 0.11, 0.02)

Sex

 Male (reference)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Female

0.76 (0.57, 1.00)

1.72 (1.25, 2.36)*

0.98 (0.77, 1.24)

0.82 (0.63, 1.07)

0.85 (0.66, 1.10)

0.90 (0.69, 1.17)

1.12 (0.33, 1.90)*

Education levelh

 Primary (reference)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Secondary

0.95 (0.69, 1.31)

0.72 (0.51, 1.02)

1.21 (0.93, 1.58)

1.12 (0.83, 1.49)

0.93 (0.69, 1.23)

0.94 (0.71, 1.24)

0.91 (0.03, 1.78)

 Tertiary

1.10 (0.74, 1.62)

0.82 (0.52, 1.28)

1.26 (0.91, 1.74)

1.01 (0.69, 1.46)

1.17 (0.83, 1.65)

0.79 (0.56, 1.12)

1.17 (0.15, 2.18)

Living arrangements

 Living alone (reference)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Living with others

1.32 (0.98, 1.78)

1.19 (0.87, 1.63)

0.90 (0.70, 1.14)

1.03 (0.78, 1.35)

0.92 (0.71, 1.20)

0.90 (0.69, 1.19)

−0.56 (−1.40, 0.28)

Polypharmacyi

 No (reference)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Yes

1.93 (1.43, 2.61)*

1.75 (1.26, 2.43)*

1.15 (0.89, 1.49)

1.78 (1.33, 2.37)*

1.37 (1.03, 1.81)*

1.83 (1.38, 2.42)*

−1.02 (−1.90, −0.14)*

No. of chronic diseasesj

 0 (reference)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 1

1.88 (0.75, 4.72)

1.08 (0.46, 2.56)

1.46 (0.86, 2.49)

1.26 (0.65, 2.46)

1.26 (0.70, 2.26)

0.67 (0.40, 1.10)

−0.15 (−1.64, 1.34)

 2

3.06 (1.27, 7.36)

1.49 (0.66, 3.34)

1.28 (0.76, 2.15)

2.07 (1.10, 3.88)

1.45 (0.82, 2.54)

0.69 (0.42, 1.12)

−1.05 (−2.50, 0.41)

  ≥ 3

4.58 (1.93, 10.84)*

2.30 (1.04, 5.02)

1.76 (1.06, 2.93)

1.95 (1.04, 3.66)

1.57 (0.90, 2.74)

0.98 (0.61, 1.59)

−1.80 (−3.26, −0.34)

Depressionk

 None/mild (reference)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Moderate

1.61 (1.18, 2.21)*

2.31 (1.65, 3.24)*

1.19 (0.92, 1.54)

0.96 (0.71, 1.29)

0.97 (0.73, 1.29)

1.65 (1.25, 2.18)*

−2.25 (−3.10, −1.39)*

 Severe

3.94 (2.69, 5.77)*

3.77 (2.48, 5.71)*

1.75 (1.24, 2.47)*

1.05 (0.70, 1.57)

1.67 (1.16, 2.42)*

3.43 (2.19, 5.37)*

−9.49 (−10.90, −8.07)*

Cognitive functionl

 Normal (reference)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Impaired

1.66 (1.10, 2.50)*

1.75 (1.14, 2.70)*

1.13 (0.77, 1.66)

1.08 (0.70, 1.67)

0.87 (0.56, 1.35)

1.85 (1.23, 2.79)*

−0.22 (−1.66, 1.23)

Disabilitym

 No (reference)

–

–

–

1.00

1.00

–

–

 Yes

–

–

–

1.37 (1.01, 1.87)

1.32 (0.97, 1.78)

–

–

  1. *P < 0.05 after adjustment for a false discovery rate of 5% [16]
  2. β beta coefficient, ADL Activities of Daily Living, DBI Drug Burden Index, ED hospital emergency department, IADL Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, OR odds ratio
  3. aAt least one difficulty with any task listed in the Activities of Daily Living (ADL) scale [10]
  4. bAt least one difficulty with any task listed in the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (ADL) scale [11]
  5. cOne or more self-reported falls in the previous 12 months
  6. dOne or more self-reported hospital admissions in the previous 12 months
  7. eOne or more self-reported visits to ED as a patient in the previous 12 months
  8. fOne or more frailty criteria according to the Fried Phenotype measure [12]
  9. gCASP-19 (Control Autonomy Self-realisation Pleasure) score [13]
  10. hHighest level of education achieved: Primary includes primary school or no formal education; Secondary includes secondary school or high school or equivalent; Tertiary includes university degree or equivalent
  11. iTaking > 5 regular medications
  12. jDoctor-diagnosed chronic conditions reported by participants from the following list: cardiovascular disease (heart attack, heart failure or angina), cataracts, hypertension, high cholesterol, stroke, diabetes, lung disease, asthma, arthritis, osteoporosis, cancer, Parkinson’s disease, peptic ulcer, and hip fracture
  13. kBased on the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale [14]
  14. lBased on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score [15]. Normal cognitive function (MMSE score ≥ 25). Impaired cognitive function (MMSE score < 25). m At least one self-reported difficulty with any task listed in either the Activities of Daily Living (ADL) scale [10] or the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) scale [11]
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BMC Geriatrics

ISSN: 1471-2318

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