Table 3 Comparison of risk factors for hip fracture between males and females
Variable names | Males Adjusted Analysis SHR (95% CI) | Females Adjusted Analysis SHR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
Age Group (years) | ||
65–74 | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
75–84 | 2.12 (1.48, 3.04) | 1.70 (1.30, 2.23) |
85–94 | 2.46 (1.68, 3.60) | 2.51 (1.90, 3.31) |
95+ | 3.48 (1.88, 6.42) | 3.22 (2.23, 4.66) |
Ethnicity | ||
Māori | 0.36 (0.16, 0.81) | 0.37 (0.23, 0.60) |
Pacifika | 0.55 (0.24, 1.25) | 0.45 (0.25, 0.80) |
Asian | 0.58 (0.26, 1.29) | 0.30 (0.14, 0.64) |
European | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Other | 1.78 (0.78, 4.06) | 1.24 (0.65, 2.34) |
Living Arrangement | ||
Lives alone | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Lives with others | 0.84 (0.69, 1.01) | 1.05 (0.93, 1.19) |
Cognitive Skills | ||
Independent | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Minimal Independence | 1.18 (0.94, 1.48) | 1.10 (0.95, 1.29) |
Moderate to Severe dependence | 1.07 (0.75, 1.52) | 1.21 (0.97, 1.50) |
Hearing | ||
Adequate | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Minimal to moderate | 1.04 (0.85, 1.28) | 0.97 (0.84, 1.11) |
Severe to none | 1.20 (0.80, 1.80) | 0.91 (0.66, 1.25) |
Vision | ||
Adequate | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Minimal to moderate | 1.14 (0.92, 1.41) | 1.13 (0.99, 1.30) |
Severe to none | 1.13 (0.64, 1.99) | 1.16 (0.82, 1.62) |
Walking | ||
Independent | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Some assistance required | 0.97 (0.58, 1.62) | 1.11 (0.76, 1.61) |
Maximum Assistance/Dependent | 0.70 (0.34, 1.45) | 1.52 (0.80, 2.87) |
Locomotion | ||
Independent | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Some assistance required | 1.13 (0.67, 1.90) | 1.05 (0.72, 1.55) |
Dependent | 1.54 (0.78, 3.04) | 0.75 (0.38, 1.45) |
Primary Mode of Locomotion | ||
Walking, no assistive device | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Assisted walking | 1.12 (0.88, 1.44) | 1.10 (0.94, 1.30) |
Unable to walk | 0.68 (0.25, 1.88) | 0.73 (0.35, 1.51) |
Timed 4 Metre walk | ||
0–15 s | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
16–29 s | 0.91 (0.65, 1.28) | 1.04 (0.84, 1.29) |
30+ seconds | 1.02 (0.74, 1.40) | 1.07 (0.87, 1.32) |
Incomplete test | 0.75 (0.55, 1.01) | 0.93 (0.77, 1.13) |
Total hours of exercise or physical activity | ||
None/Less than 1 h | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
1–4 h | 1.07 (0.86, 1.32) | 1.04 (0.91, 1.19) |
4 h or more | 0.88 (0.56, 1.39) | 1.21 (0.93, 1.58) |
Number of days left house in last 3 days | ||
None | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
1–2 days | 1.29 (0.98, 1.70) | 1.13 (0.85, 1.34) |
3 days | 1.01 (0.76, 1.35) | 1.03 (0.86, 1.23) |
Bladder Continence | ||
Continent | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Infrequently incontinent | 0.85 (0.58, 1.24) | 0.96 (0.77, 1.19) |
Occasionally incontinent | 1.02 (0.72, 1.45) | 1.12 (0.91, 1.37) |
Frequently Incontinent | 0.87 (0.62, 1.22) | 1.13 (0.95, 1.36) |
Incontinent | 1.57 (0.95, 2.61) | 1.11 (0.72, 1.72) |
Bowel Continence | ||
Continent | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Infrequently incontinent | 0.86 (0.57, 1.29) | 1.07 (0.83, 1.37) |
Occasionally Incontinent | 0.99 (0.63, 1.54) | 1.16 (0.88, 1.53) |
Frequently Incontinent | 0.66 (0.32, 1.37) | 0.92 (0.58, 1.44) |
Incontinent | 0.96 (0.42, 2.24) | 0.77 (0.35, 1.74) |
Fatigue | ||
None | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Minimal to Moderate | 1.32 (1.04, 1.69) | 1.10 (0.95, 1.27) |
Severe | 1.25 (0.85, 1.83) | 0.74 (0.56, 0.98) |
Difficult or unable to move self to standing | ||
Not present | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Present | 0.94 (0.75, 1.18) | 1.00 (0.85, 1.17) |
Dizziness | ||
Not present | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Present | 1.09 (0.84, 1.41) | 1.07 (0.89, 1.27) |
Unsteady Gait | ||
Not present | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Present | 1.05 (0.83, 1.33) | 1.01 (0.87, 1.17) |
Previous Fall | ||
No Fall | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Had at least one fall | 1.20 (0.98, 1.47) | 1.15 (1.01, 1.32) |
Previous hip fracture | ||
None | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Had previous fracture | 4.45 (1.95, 10.13) | 4.05 (2.75, 5.95) |
Previous Other fracture | ||
None | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Had previous fracture | 1.43 (0.78, 2.60) | 0.96 (0.70, 1.32) |
Easily Distracted | ||
Not present | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Present | 1.06 (0.82, 1.38) | 1.12 (0.95, 1.32) |
Mental Function Varies over the course of a day | ||
Not present | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Present | 1.25 (0.97, 1.61) | 1.12 (0.94, 1.32) |
Wandering | ||
Not Present | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Present | 1.13 (0.72, 1.75) | 1.48 (1.12, 1.98) |
Frequency of Pain | ||
No pain | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Not in last 3 days | 1.41 (0.85, 2.36) | 1.31 (0.90, 1.89) |
At least once in last 3 days | 1.42 (0.83, 2.45) | 1.02 (0.69, 1.50) |
Intensity of Highest level of Pain | ||
None | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Mild to Moderate | 0.62 (0.35, 1.08) | 0.73 (0.49, 1.09) |
Severe to Excruciating | 0.72 (0.38, 0.72) | 0.77 (0.50, 1.21) |
Consistency of Pain | ||
None/Very Little | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Intermittent | 0.94 (0.62, 1.45) | 1.33 (0.95, 1.85) |
Constant | 0.94 (0.55, 1.59) | 1.37 (0.94, 1.99) |
Body Mass Index | ||
Underweight | 1.55 (0.98, 2.47) | 1.69 (1.37, 2.09) |
Normal | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Overweight | 0.81 (0.61, 1.07) | 0.58 (0.46, 0.74) |
Obese | 0.49 (0.29, 0.83) | 0.47 (0.33, 0.65) |
Smokes tobacco daily | ||
No | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Yes | 1.33 (0.88, 2.00) | 1.70 (1.30, 2.23) |
Consumes Alcohol | ||
None | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
At least one drink | 0.83 (0.66, 1.05) | 0.93 (0.78, 1.11) |
Weight Loss of 5% or more | ||
No | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Yes | 1.27 (0.97, 1.66) | 1.01 (0.84, 1.21) |
Dehydrated | ||
No | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Yes | 0.54 (0.24, 1.22) | 0.95 (0.63, 1.45) |
Decrease in food/fluid consumed | ||
No | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Yes | 0.92 (0.65, 1.30) | 0.96 (0.77, 1.19) |
Parkinson’s Disease | ||
Not present | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Diagnosis present | 1.50 (1.08, 2.09) | 1.37 (0.96, 1.96) |
Stroke/CVA | ||
Not Present | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Diagnosis Present | 1.05 (0.83, 1.34) | 0.83 90.69, 1.00) |
COPD | ||
Not present | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Diagnosis present | 1.19 (0.90, 1.57) | 0.82 (0.71, 0.94) |
Dyspnoea | ||
Not present | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Present | 0.77 (0.61, 0.96) | 1.12 (0.92, 1.37) |
Environment | ||
No | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Yes | 1.02 (0.77, 1.37) | 1.15 (0.95, 1.38) |