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Table 3 Odds of cognitive impairment according to continuous metabolic parameters

From: Associations of the metabolic syndrome and its components with cognitive impairment in older adults

 

Quartiles

p trend

Continuous parameters

1

2

3

4

OR (95% CI) per unit increment

p-value

Body mass index

 Cut-point (kg/m2)

≤24.15

24.16–26.70

26.71–29.35

≥29.36

   

 n with cognitive impairment / N total

19 / 51

18 / 51

18 / 50

17 / 50

   

 Model 1 OR (95% CI)

1.00 (Reference)

0.96 (0.41, 2.25)

1.17 (0.50, 2.75)

1.02 (0.43, 2.41)

0.971

0.99 (0.92, 1.06)

0.772

 Model 2 OR (95% CI)

1.00 (Reference)

1.06 (0.41, 2.70)

1.11 (0.43, 2.87)

0.64 (0.23, 1.80)

0.707

0.95 (0.88, 1.03)

0.205

 Model 3 OR (95% CI)

1.00 (Reference)

0.98 (0.37, 2.64)

1.18 (0.44, 3.13)

0.59 (0.20, 1.75)

0.602

0.95 (0.88, 1.03)

0.238

Triglycerides

 Cut-point (mmol/L)

≤1.04

1.05–1.31

1.32–1.79

≥1.80

   

 n with cognitive impairment / N total

17 / 53

14 / 49

23 / 50

18 / 50

   

 Model 1 OR (95% CI)a

1.00 (Reference)

0.92 (0.38, 2.24)

2.20 (0.94, 5.19)

1.58 (0.66, 3.77)

0.167

1.11 (0.93, 1.32)

0.241

 Model 2 OR (95% CI)a

1.00 (Reference)

1.07 (0.39, 2.91)

2.22 (0.82, 5.98)

0.91 (0.31, 2.73)

0.259

1.02 (0.88, 1.18)

0.835

 Model 3 OR (95% CI)a

1.00 (Reference)

1.08 (0.38, 3.07)

2.08 (0.75, 5.76)

0.73 (0.23, 2.31)

0.237

1.02 (0.88, 1.18)

0.791

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol

 Cut-point (mmol/L)

≤1.01

1.02–1.27

1.28–1.55

≥1.56

   

 n with cognitive impairment / N total

28 / 54

10 / 52

21 / 52

13 / 44

   

 Model 1 OR (95% CI)

1.00 (Reference)

0.23 (0.09, 0.57)

0.65 (0.29, 1.48)

0.28 (0.11, 0.71)

0.004

0.37 (0.18, 0.80)

0.011

 Model 2 OR (95% CI)

1.00 (Reference)

0.25 (0.09, 0.65)

0.57 (0.22, 1.44)

0.26 (0.09, 0.80)

0.017

0.39 (0.17, 0.92)

0.031

 Model 3 OR (95% CI)

1.00 (Reference)

0.28 (0.10, 0.75)

0.53 (0.20, 1.41)

0.22 (0.07, 0.70)

0.023

0.39 (0.16, 0.94)

0.036

Glucose

 Cut-point (mmol/L)

≤5.27

5.28–5.77

5.78–6.49

≥6.50

   

 n with cognitive impairment / N total

21 / 54

14 / 48

14 / 52

23 / 48

   

 Model 1 OR (95% CI)

1.00 (Reference)

0.56 (0.23, 1.35)

0.56 (0.24, 1.33)

1.62 (0.71, 3.70)

0.053

1.19 (0.99, 1.43)

0.068

 Model 2 OR (95% CI)

1.00 (Reference)

0.66 (0.26, 1.66)

0.42 (0.16, 1.10)

1.58 (0.61, 4.08)

0.062

1.19 (0.97, 1.46)

0.094

 Model 3 OR (95% CI)

1.00 (Reference)

0.62 (0.23, 1.66)

0.45 (0.16, 1.21)

1.84 (0.69, 4.91)

0.045

1.21 (0.97, 1.51)

0.086

HbA1c

 Cut-point (mmol/mol)

≤35.5

35.6–38.8

38.9–42.1

≥42.2

   

 n with cognitive impairment / N total

15 / 46

14 / 37

12 / 38

17 / 34

   

 Model 1 OR (95% CI)

1.00 (Reference)

1.26 (0.49, 3.27)

0.65 (0.24, 1.75)

2.15 (0.83, 5.54)

0.142

1.03 (0.99, 1.08)

0.137

 Model 2 OR (95% CI)

1.00 (Reference)

1.24 (0.44, 3.46)

0.54 (0.18, 1.63)

1.71 (0.61, 4.80)

0.235

1.03 (0.99, 1.08)b

0.137

 Model 3 OR (95% CI)

1.00 (Reference)

0.75 (0.24, 2.39)

0.55 (0.18, 1.73)

1.47 (0.49, 4.36)

0.420

1.04 (0.99, 1.09)b

0.115

  1. Results shown for logistic regression analyses with outcome cognitive impairment. p-value for trend (2-sided) based on the respective median within quartiles, used as a continuous variable, and analyzed using the Wald chi2 statistic. CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio
  2. aresults largely unchanged following exclusion of N = 1 outlier with high TG levels (28.9 mmol/L)
  3. bin these models, HDL-C was significantly associated with cognitive impairment (Model 2: OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.09, 0.79, p = 0.016; Model 3: OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.09, 0.83, p = 0.022; for TG and BMI, all p > 0.05 in these models)
  4. Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, smoking
  5. Model 2: Model 1 + TG quartiles, HDL-C quartiles, BMI quartiles, glucose quartiles (for quartile analyses) or Model 1 + TG, HDL-C, BMI and glucose (for continuous parameters) (analysis N = 202), or for HbA1c: Model 1 + TG quartiles, HDL-C quartiles, BMI quartiles (for HbA1c quartile analyses) or Model 1 + TG, HDL-C and BMI (for analysis of HbA1c as continuous parameter) (analysis N = 155)
  6. Model 3: Model 2 + CHD, TIA, stroke
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