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Table 1 The comparisons of baseline socio-demographic factors, lifestyle behaviors, disease history, cognitive function and frailty status according to mortality status in older adults

From: Frailty, transition in frailty status and all-cause mortality in older adults of a Taichung community-based population

Variables

Mortality status N (%)

p value

Alive (N = 761)

Dead (N = 160)

Socio-demographic factors

 Men

375 (49.28)

103 (64.38)

< 0.001

 Age (years)

73.15 ± 5.79

78.11 ± 7.86

< 0.001

  65–74

478 (62.81)

62 (38.75)

 

  75–84

248 (32.59)

64 (40.00)

 

   > 85

35 (4.60)

34 (21.25)

 

Education

  

0.005

  ≤ 6 years

293 (38.50)

72 (45.00)

 

 7–12 years

272 (35.74)

36 (22.50)

 

  ≥ 13 years

196 (25.76)

52 (32.50)

 

 Married

552 (72.54)

107 (66.88)

0.18

 Body mass index (kg/m2)

24.48 ± 3.35

23.74 ± 4.01

0.03

   < 18.5

24 (3.15)

13 (8.13)

 

  18.5–25

436 (57.29)

93 (58.13)

 

  25–30

259 (34.03)

47 (29.38)

 

   ≥ 30

42 (5.52)

7 (4.38)

 

Lifestyle behaviors

 Smoking

70 (9.20)

14 (8.75)

0.98

 Alcohol drinking

96 (12.61)

21 (13.13)

0.96

 Physical activity

564 (74.11)

102 (63.75)

0.01

Disease history

 Hypertension

378 (49.67)

93 (58.13)

0.06

 Diabetes Mellitus

113 (14.85)

39 (24.38)

0.005

 Heart disease

206 (27.07)

72 (45.00)

< 0.001

 Hyperlipidemia

203 (26.68)

27 (16.88)

0.01

 Gout

79 (10.38)

24 (15.00)

0.12

 Hyperuricemia

74 (9.72)

21 (13.13)

0.25

 Arthritis

152 (19.97)

31 (19.38)

0.95

 Osteoporosis

145 (19.05)

21 (13.13)

0.10

 Stroke

36 (4.73)

20 (12.50)

< 0.001

 Cataract

337 (44.28)

86 (53.75)

0.04

 Fall history

161 (21.16)

54 (33.75)

< 0.001

 Sleep impairment

343 (45.07)

73 (45.63)

0.97

MMSE

  

< 0.001

  < 24

83 (10.91)

39 (24.38)

 

  ≥ 24

678 (89.09)

121 (75.63)

 

Frailty status

53 (6.96)

48 (30.00)

< 0.001

Frailty components

 Shrinking

90 (11.83)

31 (19.38)

0.01

 Poor endurance and energy

22 (2.89)

15 (9.38)

< 0.001

 Low physical activity

125 (16.43)

42 (26.25)

0.005

 Slowness

227 (29.83)

104 (65.00)

< 0.001

 Weakness

194 (25.49)

80 (50.00)

< 0.001

  1. MMSE Mini–Mental State Examination