Gout and dementia in the elderly: a cohort study of Medicare claims

BMC Geriatrics

Table 2 Association of gout and other potential risk factors with incident dementia in adults 65 years or older

	Multivariable-adjusted (Model 1)^a		Multivariable-adjusted (Model 2)^a		Multivariable-adjusted (Model 3)^a
	HR (95% CI)	P-value	HR (95% CI)	P-value	HR (95% CI)	P-value
Age (in years)
65 - < 75	Ref		Ref		Ref
75 - < 85	3.53 (3.48, 3.58)	< 0.0001	3.49 (3.44, 3.54)	< 0.0001	3.35 (3.30, 3.40)	< 0.0001
≥ 85	7.81 (7.68, 7.95)	< 0.0001	7.75 (7.62, 7.88)	< 0.0001	6.80 (6.68, 6.92)	< 0.0001
Sex
Male	Ref		Ref		Ref
Female	1.34 (1.32, 1.36)	< 0.0001	1.33 (1.31, 1.34)	< 0.0001	1.26 (1.25, 1.28)	< 0.0001
Race
White	Ref		Ref		Ref
Black	1.29 (1.26, 1.32)	< 0.0001	1.33 (1.30, 1.35)	< 0.0001	1.24 (1.22, 1.27)	< 0.0001
Other	0.87 (0.85, 0.89)	< 0.0001	0.89 (0.87, 0.92)	< 0.0001	0.85 (0.82, 0.87)	< 0.0001
Charlson-Romano score, per unit change	1.16 (1.15, 1.16)	< 0.0001	N/A		N/A
Charlson-Romano score
0	N/A		Ref		N/A
1			1.72 (1.68, 1.75)	< 0.0001
≥ 2			2.17 (2.14, 2.19)	< 0.0001
Gout	1.15 (1.12, 1.18)	< 0.0001	1.17 (1.14, 1.20)	< 0.0001	1.17 (1.14, 1.21)	< 0.0001

N/A not applicable, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, Ref referent category
Bold represents statistical significance, with a P-value < 0.05
^aModel 1 included Charlson-Romano score as a continuous variable; Model 2 replaced it with categorized Charlson-Romano score; and Model 3 replaced it with each of the 17 Charlson-Romano comorbidities plus hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and coronary artery disease. All models were also adjusted for medications for cardiovascular diseases (statins, beta-blockers, diuretics, ACE-inhibitors) and for urate-lowering therapies for gout (allopurinol, febuxostat)

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