Table 3 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study sample according to Hai DSS frailty phenotype status
From: The prevalence and characteristics of frailty by frailty phenotype in rural Tanzania
Demographic characteristic | Total sample n = 196 | FP not-frail n = 63 | FP pre-frail n = 99 | FP frail n = 34 | Pearson Chi2 (P value) for FP frailty vs FP not-frail/FP pre-frail |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age group | |||||
60–69 | 85 | 37 (43.53) | 43 (50.59) | 5 (5.88) | |
70–79 | 61 | 20 (32.79) | 31 (50.82) | 10 (16.39) | |
≥80 | 50 | 6 (12.00) | 25 (50.00) | 19 (38.00) | 22.705 (< 0.0001) |
Sex | |||||
Male | 82 | 31 (37.80) | 38 (46.34) | 13 (15.85) | |
Female | 114 | 32 (28.07) | 61 (53.51) | 21 (18.42) | 0.219 (0.640) |
Location where assessed | |||||
Elsewhere | 139 | 52 (37.41) | 76 (54.68) | 11 (7.91) | |
Home | 57 | 11 (19.30) | 23 (40.35) | 23 (40.35) | 29.664 (< 0.0001) |
Tribe | |||||
Mchagga | 176 | 59 (33.52) | 88 (50.00) | 29 (16.48) | |
Others | 20 | 4 (20.00) | 11 (55.00) | 5 (25.00) | 0.909 (0.340) |
Living arrangements | |||||
Lives with others | 174 | 56 (32.18) | 86 (49.43) | 32 (18.39) | |
Lives alone | 21 | 7 (33.33) | 12 (57.14) | 2 (9.52) | 1.023 (0.312) |
Marital status | |||||
Married | 97 | 39 (40.21) | 48 (49.48) | 10 (10.31) | |
Widowed, Separated/divorced or Single | 99 | 24 (24.24) | 51 (50.52) | 24 (24.24) | 6.633 (0.010) |
Education | |||||
Secondary and higher education | 16 | 11 (68.75) | 3 (18.75) | 2 (12.50) | |
Primary completed | 56 | 21 (37.50) | 31 (55.36) | 4 (7.14) | |
Some primary | 71 | 21 (29.58) | 37 (52.11) | 13 (18.31) | |
No school | 53 | 10 (18.87) | 28 (52.83) | 15 (28.30) | 8.811 (0.032) |
Literacy “Do you know how to read and write? (Yes if able/was able to read or write)” | |||||
Able to read/write well | 89 | 41 (46.07) | 39 (43.82) | 9 (10.11) | |
Read/write with difficulty | 52 | 13 (25.00) | 30 (57.69) | 9 (17.31) | |
Unable to read/write | 55 | 9 (16.36) | 30 (54.55) | 16 (29.09) | 8.539 (0.014) |
EURO-D score | |||||
Depression symptoms ≤3/12 | 105 | 43 (40.95) | 49 (46.67) | 13 (12.38) | |
Depression symptoms ≥4/12 | 91 | 20 (21.98) | 50 (54.95) | 21 (23.38) | 3.889 (0.049) |
IDEA cognitive test score | |||||
0–4 (poor cognitive function) | 20 | 2 (10.00) | 9 (45.00) | 9 (45.00) | |
5–7 (moderate cognitive function) | 37 | 6 (16.22) | 22 (59.46) | 9 (24.32) | |
8–12 (good cognitive function) | 139 | 55 (39.57) | 68 (48.92) | 16 (11.51) | 15.225 (< 0.0001) |
Functional ability | |||||
≥1 ADL disability | 47 | 5 (10.64) | 20 (42.55) | 22 (46.81) | 37.428 (< 0.0001) |
≥1 IADL disability | 60 | 8 (13.33) | 24 (40.00) | 28 (46.67) | 51.845 (< 0.0001) |
Healthcare provision | |||||
Health insurance | 51 | 19 (37.25) | 22 (43.14) | 10 (19.61) | |
No health insurance | 144 | 43 (29.86) | 77 (53.47) | 24 (16.67) | 0.226 (0.634) |
Ability to earn money or produce food | |||||
Working | 59 | 27 (45.76) | 31 (52.54) | 1 (1.69) | |
Not currently working | 137 | 36 (26.28) | 68 (49.64) | 33 (24.09) | 14.422 (< 0.0001) |
Household facilities | |||||
Electricity | 89 | 31 (34.83) | 38 (42.70) | 20 (22.47) | |
No electricity | 107 | 32 (29.91) | 61 (57.01) | 14 (13.08) | 2.986 (0.084) |
Provision for old age | |||||
Pension | 14 | 8 (57.14) | 5 (35.71) | 1 (7.14) | |
No pension | 182 | 55 (30.22) | 94 (51.65) | 33 (18.13) | 1.094 (0.295) |
“Do you consider yourself currently ill?” | |||||
Yes (Ill) | 119 | 17 (14.29) | 69 (57.98) | 33 (27.73) | |
No (not ill) | 77 | 46 (59.74) | 30 (38.96) | 1 (1.30) | 22.781 (< 0.0001) |
“Do you consider yourself to be living with frailty currently?” | |||||
Yes (Frail) | 116 | 22 (18.97) | 65 (56.03) | 29 (25.00) | |
No (not frail) | 80 | 41 (51.25) | 34 (42.50) | 5 (6.25) | 11.609 (0.001) |
Self-assessed health: “How is your health?” | |||||
Good/Very good | 42 | 24 (57.14) | 16 (38.10) | 2 (4.76) | |
Neither good nor poor | 99 | 35 (35.35) | 51 (51.52) | 13 (13.13) | |
Poor/Very poor | 54 | 4 (7.41) | 31 (57.41) | 19 (35.19) | 17.778 (< 0.0001) |
Self-reported medical diagnoses: “Have you ever been told you have a diagnosis of any of the following?” | |||||
Diabetes | 19 | 7 (36.84) | 8 (42.11) | 4 (21.05) | 0.201 (0.654) |
Hypertension | 58 | 18 (31.03) | 27 (46.55) | 13 (22.41) | 1.475 (0.225) |
Cataracts | 15 | 3 (20.00) | 6 (40.00) | 6 (40.00) | 5.747 (0.017) |
Stroke | 8 | 1 (12.50) | 3 (37.50) | 4 (50.00) | 6.145 (0.013) |
Heart disease | 11 | 4 (36.36) | 4 (36.36) | 3 (27.27) | 0.800 (0.371) |
Arthritis | 44 | 7 (15.91) | 24 (54.55) | 13 (29.55) | 5.788 (0.016) |
Depression | 12 | 2 (16.67) | 8 (66.67) | 2 (16.67) | 0.004 (0.949) |
Chronic respiratory condition (asthma/COPD) | 13 | 4 (30.77) | 6 (46.15) | 3 (23.08) | 0.318 (0.572) |
Number of self-reported chronic diseases | |||||
0 | 70 | 27 (38.57) | 40 (57.14) | 3 (4.29) | |
1 | 67 | 24 (35.82) | 30 (44.78) | 13 (19.40) | |
≥2 | 59 | 12 (20.34) | 29 (49.15) | 18 (30.51) | 15.654 (< 0.0001) |
BMI kg/m2 | |||||
Underweight (< 18.49) | 40 | 11 (27.50) | 24 (60.00) | 5 (12.50) | |
Normal weight (18.5–24.99) | 79 | 21 (26.58) | 41 (51.90) | 17 (21.52) | |
Overweight (25.00–29.99) | 54 | 22 (40.74) | 24 (44.44) | 8 (14.81) | |
Obese (≥30.00) | 21 | 9 (42.86) | 9 (42.86) | 3 (14.29) | 2.008 (0.571) |