From: Is excess weight a burden for older adults who suffer chronic pain?
 | Variables associated with Chronic pain | Variables associated with moderate pain | Variables associated with severe pain | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Univariate [OR (95% CI)] | Multivariate [OR (95% CI)] | Multivariate [OR (95% CI)] | Multivariate [OR (95% CI)] | |
BMI (Low-normal BMI reference category) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
 Overweight | 1.14 (1.02–1.27) | 1.08 (0.95–1.22) | 1.30 (1.04–1.63)* | 1.09 (0.87–1.34) |
 Obesity | 1.97 (1.69–2.30) | 1.59 (1.33–1.91)** | 1.39 (1.02–1.89)* | 1.53 (1.17–2.01)** |
Age (65–74 y, reference category) | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | 1.0 |
 75–84 y | 1.04 (0.93–1.16) | – | 1.11 (0.89–1.40) | 1.31 (1.05–1.63)* |
 85+ y | 1.05 (0.90–1.22) | – | 1.81 (1.26–2.60)** | 1.66 (1.22–2.25)** |
Gender (1 = female) | 1.66 (1.50–1.84)** | 1.40 (1.24–1.58)** | 1.33 (1.06–1.67)* | – |
Marital status (1 = married) | 0.91 (0.83–1.01) | – | – | – |
Education (College/university, reference category) | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – |
 9-year Compulsory school | 1.32 (1.16–1.50)** | – | 1.47 (1.11–1.94)* |
|
 Upper secondary school | 1.13 (0.98–1.32) | – | 1.33 (0.99–1.79) |
|
Income per year (< 150,000 SEK, reference category) | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – |
 150,001~  220,000 | 0.83 (0.73–0.94)* | – | 0.78 (0.58–1.02) | – |
  > 220,000 | 0.64 (0.57–0.73)** | – | 0.70 (0.51–0.95)* | – |
Smoking (never smoker, reference category) | 1.0 | 1.0 | – | 1.0 |
 Ex-smoker, n % | 1.14 (1.02–1.27)* | 1.21 (1.07–1.38)* | – | 1.30 (1.05–1.60)* |
 Current smoker, n % | 1.13 (0.93–1.36) | 1.29 (1.04–1.59)* | – | 1.33 (0.93–1.91) |
High alcohol consumption (1 = yes) | 1.17 (0.92–1.48) | – |
|
|
History of trauma or injury accident | 3.2 (2.60–3.94)** | 2.52 (1.99–3.19)** | – | – |
Rheumatic diseases (1 = yes) | 5.92 (5.22–6.72)** | 5.21 (4.54–5.97)** | – | 1.34 (1.10–1.64)* |
Cardiovascular diseases (1 = yes) | 1.35 (1.22–1.49)** | – | 1.36 (1.10–1.67)** | 1.33 (1.10–1.64)* |
Respiratory diseases (1 = yes) | 1.82 (1.56–2.12)** | 1.34 (1.18–1.52)** | – | – |
Gastrointestinal diseases (1 = yes) | 2.61 (2.35–3.16)** | 1.93 (1.64–2.27)** | – | – |
Neurological diseases (1 = yes) | 1.71 (1.54–1.91)** | 1.34 (1.18–1.52)** | – | – |
Urogenital diseases (1 = yes) | 1.53 (1.36–1.97)** | – |
|
|
Metabolic diseases (1 = yes) | 1.59 (1.43–1.91)** | 1.27 (1.08–1.50)* | – | – |
Cancer diagnosis (1 = yes) | 1.33 (1.07–1.57)* | – | – | – |
Depression and/or anxiety (1 = yes) | 1.99 (1.61–2.45)** | 1.46 (1.14–1.86)* | – | 1.83 (1.32–2.53)** |
Number of pain sites (NPS) |  |  | 1.11 (1.06–1.16)** | 1.1 (1.06–1.13)* |
Model Nagelkerke R 2 | Â | 0.236 | 0.086 | 0.08 |
Model Hosmer and Lemeshow test |  | x2 = 7.63, P = 0.47 | x2 = 10.40, P = 0.238 | x2 = 6.30, P = 0.613 |