Table 2 Univariate and multivariate logistic regression – factors associated with chronic pain and severe pain

BMI (Low-normal BMI reference category)

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

 Overweight

1.14 (1.02–1.27)

1.08 (0.95–1.22)

1.30 (1.04–1.63)^*

1.09 (0.87–1.34)

 Obesity

1.97 (1.69–2.30)

1.59 (1.33–1.91)^**

1.39 (1.02–1.89)^*

1.53 (1.17–2.01)^**

Age (65–74 y, reference category)

1.0

–

1.0

1.0

 75–84 y

1.04 (0.93–1.16)

–

1.11 (0.89–1.40)

1.31 (1.05–1.63)^*

 85+ y

1.05 (0.90–1.22)

–

1.81 (1.26–2.60)^**

1.66 (1.22–2.25)^**

Gender (1 = female)

1.66 (1.50–1.84)^**

1.40 (1.24–1.58)^**

1.33 (1.06–1.67)^*

–

Marital status (1 = married)

0.91 (0.83–1.01)

–

–

–

Education (College/university, reference category)

1.0

–

1.0

–

 9-year Compulsory school

1.32 (1.16–1.50)^**

–

1.47 (1.11–1.94)^*

–

 Upper secondary school

1.13 (0.98–1.32)

–

1.33 (0.99–1.79)

–

Income per year (< 150,000 SEK, reference category)

1.0

–

1.0

–

 150,001~  220,000

0.83 (0.73–0.94)^*

–

0.78 (0.58–1.02)

–

  > 220,000

0.64 (0.57–0.73)^**

–

0.70 (0.51–0.95)^*

–

Smoking (never smoker, reference category)

1.0

1.0

–

1.0

 Ex-smoker, n %

1.14 (1.02–1.27)^*

1.21 (1.07–1.38)^*

–

1.30 (1.05–1.60)^*

 Current smoker, n %

1.13 (0.93–1.36)

1.29 (1.04–1.59)^*

–

1.33 (0.93–1.91)

High alcohol consumption (1 = yes)

1.17 (0.92–1.48)

–

–

–

History of trauma or injury accident

3.2 (2.60–3.94)^**

2.52 (1.99–3.19)^**

–

–

Rheumatic diseases (1 = yes)

5.92 (5.22–6.72)^**

5.21 (4.54–5.97)^**

–

1.34 (1.10–1.64)^*

Cardiovascular diseases (1 = yes)

1.35 (1.22–1.49)^**

–

1.36 (1.10–1.67)^**

1.33 (1.10–1.64)^*

Respiratory diseases (1 = yes)

1.82 (1.56–2.12)^**

1.34 (1.18–1.52)^**

–

–

Gastrointestinal diseases (1 = yes)

2.61 (2.35–3.16)^**

1.93 (1.64–2.27)^**

–

–

Neurological diseases (1 = yes)

1.71 (1.54–1.91)^**

1.34 (1.18–1.52)^**

–

–

Urogenital diseases (1 = yes)

1.53 (1.36–1.97)^**

–

–

–

Metabolic diseases (1 = yes)

1.59 (1.43–1.91)^**

1.27 (1.08–1.50)^*

–

–

Cancer diagnosis (1 = yes)

1.33 (1.07–1.57)^*

–

–

–

Depression and/or anxiety (1 = yes)

1.99 (1.61–2.45)^**

1.46 (1.14–1.86)^*

–

1.83 (1.32–2.53)^**

Number of pain sites (NPS)

1.11 (1.06–1.16)^**

1.1 (1.06–1.13)^*

Model Nagelkerke R ²

0.236

0.086

0.08

Model Hosmer and Lemeshow test

x² = 7.63, P = 0.47

x² = 10.40, P = 0.238

x² = 6.30, P = 0.613