The association between obesity and social exclusion in middle-aged and older adults: findings from a nationally representative study in Germany

Table 2 Determinants of social exclusion (German Ageing Survey, 2014)

	(1)	(2)	(3)
	Social exclusion – Total sample	Social exclusion – Men	Social exclusion - Women
Potential confounders	✓	✓	✓
Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²; Ref.: Non-obese)	−0.03 (0.02)	0.01 (0.02)	−0.06^* (0.03)
Constant	2.50^*** (0.06)	2.39^*** (0.08)	2.642^*** (0.09)
Observations	7041	3532	3509
R²	0.11	0.13	0.09

Potential confounders include age, family status, monthly net equivalent income, smoking status, alcohol consumption, frequency of sports activities, self-rated health and number of chronic illnesses. Beta-Coefficients are reported; Cluster-robust standard errors in parentheses. ^*** p < 0.001, ^** p < 0.01, ^* p < 0.05, + p < 0.10. Observations with missing values were dropped (listwise deletion). Social exclusion was assessed using a scale developed by Bude and Lantermann [20]

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