Disability, quality of life and all-cause mortality in older Mexican adults: association with multimorbidity and frailty

Table 2 Bivariate associations of frailty and multimorbidity with disability, quality of life and all-cause mortality

Main exposure variables	Disability (WHODAS 2.0)^a n = 1410		Quality of life (WHOQOL)^b n = 1410		Mortality n = 1792
Main exposure variables	Mean	p value	Mean	p value	Percentage	p value
Frailty
Nonfrail	8.7	< 0.001	56	< 0.001	4.3	< 0.001
Prefrail	19.4		51.1		10.2
Frail	26.1		51.5		29.6
Multimorbidity patterns
Pattern 1: Cardiopulmonary^c
Presence	20.9	< 0.001	50.2	< 0.001	10.4	0.966
Absence	14.6	< 0.001	53.5	< 0.001	9.7	0.966
Pattern 2: Vascular-metabolic^d
Presence	14.8	< 0.001	53.4	0.004	12.8	< 0.001
Absence	16.8	< 0.001	52.2	0.004	3.6	< 0.001
Pattern 3: Mental-musculoskeletal^e
Presence	21.9	< 0.001	46	< 0.001	6.5	0.751
Absence	13.6	< 0.001	55.1	< 0.001	10.8	0.751

^aWHODAS 2.0 (0 = no disability, 100 = total disability); ^bWHOQOL (0 = worst quality of life, 100 = best quality of life); ^cPattern 1: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and angina; ^dPattern 2: diabetes, hypertension, stroke and cataracts; ^ePattern 3: arthritis and depression

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