BMI | Non-obese a | Obese a | p value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Handgrip Strength b | Weak | Strong | Weak | Strong | Â |
Number of people | 180 | 214 | 68 | 82 | Â |
 Proportion, % | 33.1 | 39.3 | 12.5 | 15.1 |  |
Age, years | |||||
 Mean | 71.4 | 68.7 | 70.6 | 68.8 | <  0.001 |
 SD | 4.8 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 3.6 |  |
Marital status, % | |||||
 Married | 31.1 | 44.0 | 10.4 | 14.5 | 0.209 |
 Unmarried | 34.7 | 35.6 | 14.2 | 15.5 |  |
Education, % | |||||
 Elementary | 32.0 | 40.7 | 12.9 | 14.4 | 0.351 |
 Middle | 37.3 | 30.5 | 10.2 | 22.0 |  |
 High | 40.7 | 32.2 | 11.9 | 15.3 |  |
 College or higher | 18.8 | 62.5 | 12.5 | 6.3 |  |
Income, % | |||||
 1st quartile | 34.7 | 33.3 | 16.9 | 15.1 | 0.060 |
 2nd quartile | 34.7 | 45.2 | 8.1 | 12.1 |  |
 3rd quartile | 34.9 | 45.8 | 4.8 | 14.5 |  |
 4th quartile | 27.1 | 41.7 | 10.4 | 20.8 |  |
Insurance, % | |||||
 Medicaid | 50.0 | 18.4 | 21.1 | 10.5 | 0.012 |
 NHI | 31.8 | 40.9 | 11.9 | 15.4 |  |
Area of residence, % | |||||
 Urban | 32.7 | 37.1 | 13.7 | 16.6 | 0.087 |
 Rural | 34.3 | 46.3 | 9.0 | 10.5 |  |
Smoking status, % | |||||
 Never smoker | 35.0 | 39.5 | 12.8 | 14.7 | 0.561 |
 Ex-smoker | 25.0 | 25.0 | 0.0 | 50.0 |  |
 Current smoker | 37.5 | 37.5 | 6.3 | 18.8 |  |
Drinking, % | |||||
 No | 34.8 | 36.6 | 12.8 | 15.8 | 0.002 |
 Yes | 19.0 | 62.1 | 10.3 | 8.6 |  |
Physical activity, % | |||||
 None | 31.1 | 39.0 | 14.6 | 15.2 | 0.258 |
 1 or more/week. | 36.1 | 39.8 | 9.3 | 14.8 |  |
Weight change, % | |||||
 Loss | 49.1 | 34.0 | 11.3 | 5.7 | 0.025 |
 No change | 31.0 | 40.2 | 12.2 | 16.6 |  |
 Gain | 43.8 | 31.3 | 25.0 | 0.0 |  |
ADL, % | |||||
 0 | 33.0 | 39.3 | 12.6 | 15.1 | 0.938 |
 1 or more | 35.7 | 42.9 | 7.1 | 14.3 |  |
Depression, % | |||||
 No | 28.0 | 43.7 | 10.5 | 17.8 | 0.001 |
 Yes | 41.4 | 32.3 | 15.2 | 11.0 |  |
Comorbidity, % | |||||
 0 | 31.3 | 43.5 | 11.8 | 13.4 | 0.273 |
 1 or more | 34.8 | 35.5 | 13.1 | 16.7 |  |
Baseline K-MMSE | |||||
 Mean | 26.3 | 26.7 | 26.5 | 26.8 | 0.072 |
 SD | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.6 |  |