Table 1 Characteristics of studies and participants included in the meta-analysis of the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and frailty
Author | Country | Gender | Participant (no.) | Case (no.) | Levels of 25OHD (Unit) | RR/OR (95% CI) | Definition (frailty) Assessment (25OHD) | Covariates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | Follow-up | Age range | Key-set covariates (yes/no) | |||||
Study name | (years) | (Mean age) | ||||||
Prospective cohort studies of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in relation to frailty | ||||||||
Puts et al [16] | Netherlands | M and F | 66 | 20 | <25 | 1.90(0.92–3.95) | Nine Frailty indicators, competitive binding protein assay | aKey-sets of covariates, education, IL-6, CRP, alcohol, PTH, self-reported chronic disease, use of anti-inflammatory drugs, use of estrogen |
2005 | 3, | >65 | 305 | 51 | 25-50 | 1.24 (0.77–2.00) | ||
LASA | Â | (74.5, not frail; 79.2,frail) | 514 | 54 | >50 | 1.00 (Reference) | ||
(nmol/L) | ||||||||
Schöttker et al [17] | Germany | M and F | 866 | 92 | <30 | 1.18 (0.85–1.63) | Frailty Index, immunoassay | Age, sex, education, BMI, smoking, light physical activity and self-rated health |
2014 | 8 | 50-74 | 2790 | 230 | 30-50 | 1.12 (0.88–1.43) | ||
ESTHER | Â | (62.6) | 2515 | 188 | >50 | 1.00 (Reference) | ||
(nmol/L) | ||||||||
Vogt et al [18] | Germany | M and F | 107 | 21 | <15 | 2.84 (0.38–21.22) | Frailty Phenotype, competitive binding protein assay | aKey-sets of covariates, baseline frailty status, education, alcohol, CVD, diabetes, multimorbidity and PTH (yes) |
2015 | 2.9 | >65 | 100 | 4 | 15-20 | 0.46 (0.04–5.84) | ||
KORA |  | (75.5) | 160 | 7 | 20-30 | 1.01 (0.1–10.07) | ||
| Â | Â | Â | 137 | 3 | >30 | 1.00 (Reference) | ||
(ng/mL) | ||||||||
Buta et al [20] | United States | F | 28 | 9 | <10 | 2.29 (0.92–5.69) | Frailty Phenotype, radioreceptor assay | Age, race, education, smoking, season of blood draw, BMI, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia and hypertension |
2017 |  | 70-79 | 135 | 29 | 10-19.9 | 1.44 (0.71–2.94) | ||
WHAS II | 8.5 | (73.8 | 141 | 21 | 20-29.9 | 1.08 (0.52–2.22) | ||
65 | 8 | >30 | 1.00 (Reference) | |||||
(ng/mL) | ||||||||
Cross-sectional studies of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in relation to frailty | ||||||||
Puts et al [16] | Netherlands | M and F | 141 | 56 | <25 | 2.55 (1.56–4.17) | Nine Frailty Indicators, competitive binding protein assay | aKey-sets of covariates, education, IL-6, CRP, alcohol, PTH, self-reported chronic disease, use of anti-inflammatory drugs, use of estrogen |
2005 |  | >65 | 471 | 166 | 25-50 | 1.66 (1.15–2.40) | ||
LASA | Â | (74.5,not frail; 79.2,frail) | 659 | 70 | >50 | 1.00 (Reference) | ||
| Â | Â | Â | Â | (nmol/L) | Â | |||
Ensrud et al [14] | United States | F | 1280 | 301 | <15 | 1.47 (1.19–1.82) | Frailty Phenotype, LC-MS/MS | aKey-sets of covariates, site, self-reported health status, education, alcohol, comorbidity, and short MMSE |
2010 |  | >65 | 1233 | 217 | 15-19.9 | 1.24 (0.99–1.54) | ||
SOF | Â | (76.7) | 2428 | 329 | 20.0-29.9 | 1.00 (Reference) | ||
|  |  |  | 1366 | 218 | >30 | 1.32 (1.06–1.63) | ||
| Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | (ng/mL) | Â | ||
Ensrud et al [13] | United States | M | 408 | 54 | <20 | 1.47 (1.07–2.02) | Frailty Phenotype, LC-MS/MS | Age, race, site, season of blood draw, BMI, self-reported health status, education, living alone, smoking status, alcohol intake, comorbidity score, Teng 3MS score, and baseline frailty status |
2011 |  | >65 | 803 | 55 | 20-29.9 | 1.02 (0.78–1.32) | ||
MrOS | Â | (73.8) | 395 | 21 | >30 | 1.00 (Reference) | ||
| Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | (ng/mL) | Â | ||
Tajar et al [15] | Italy, belgium, Poland, Sweden, UK, Spain, Hungary and Estonia | M | 524 | 43 | <50 | 5.74 (2.12–15.6) | Frailty Phenotype, radioimmunoassay | Age, centre, smoking, co-morbid conditions and PTH |
2013 | ≥60 | 453 | 19 | 50-75 | 3.55 (1.27–9.90) | |||
EMAS | (69.5) | 399 | 7 | >75 | 1.00 (Reference) | |||
| Â | Â | Â | (nmol/L) | Â | ||||
Schöttker et al [17] | Germany | M and F | 1444 | 52 | <30 | 1.90 (1.30–2.78) | Frailty Index, immunoassay | Age, sex, education, BMI, smoking, light physical activity and self-rated health |
2014 |  | 50-74 | 4199 | 120 | 30-50 | 1.48 (1.09–2.01) | ||
ESTHER | Â | (62.2) | 3936 | 87 | >50 | 1.00 (Reference) | ||
| Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | (nmol/L) | Â | ||
Pabst et al [28] | Germany | M and F | 292 | 17 | <15 | 1.00 (Reference) | Frailty Phenotype, enhanced chemiluminescence immunoassay | aKey-sets of covariates, years of education, self-perceived economic situation, co-morbidity score, MMSE |
2015 |  | 65-90 | 192 | 8 | 15-20 | 0.71 (0.22–2.32) | ||
KORA-Age |  | (75.6) | 257 | 12 | 20-30 | 0.60 (0.19–1.91) | ||
| Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | (ng/mL) | Â | ||