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Table 2 Effect of intervention on different variables within groups

From: Nordic walking training and nutritional supplementation in pre-frail older Indians: an open-labelled experimental pre-test and post-test pilot study to develop intervention model

Variables

Categories

Group A

Group B

Group C

  

Pre

Post

p-value

Pre

Post

p-value

Pre

Post

p-value

Gait Speed

 

0.66 ± 0.11

0.99 ± 0.41

0.001

0.67 ± 0.11

0.66 ± 0.10

0.926

0.67 ± 0.10

1.00 ± 0.45

0.002

Grip Strength

 

8.9 ± 2.1

8.27 ± 3.9

0.488

9.09 ± 2.2

9.22 ± 2.5

0.852

8.45 ± 2.3

9.86 ± 2.8

0.013

BADL

 

3.95 ± 1.46

5.27 ± 1.20

<0.001

3.36 ± 0.90

4.81 ± 0.90

<0.001

3.77 ± 1.15

6.40 ± 0.95

<0.001

IADL

 

1.40 ± 0.50

2.59 ± 1.00

<0.001

1.36 ± 0.58

2.22 ± 0.81

<0.001

1.59 ± 1.00

3.31 ± 1.21

<0.001

Serum Albumin

 

4.24 ± 0.48

3.93 ± 0.48

< 0.001

3.97 ± 0.47

4.26 ± 0.5

<0.001

4.07 ± 0.5

4.40 ± 0.49

<0.001

MNA

Malnourished

9

12

0.050

9

1

0.005

12

0

0.003

At the risk

9

9

 

12

20

 

8

17

 

Normal

4

1

 

1

1

 

2

5

 

MPPT

Severe

11

6

 

11

8

 

13

2

 

Moderate

6

11

0.226

9

12

0.072

7

4

0.020

Mild

3

4

 

0

2

 

0

12

 

Non-frail

2

1

 

2

0

 

2

4

 

BBS

Low-risk

5

3

 

5

4

 

5

3

 

Medium-risk

15

10

0.046

16

14

0.270

15

10

0.024

High-risk

2

9

 

1

4

 

2

9

 

Frailty

Non-frail

0

2

 

0

4

 

0

6

 

Pre-frail

22

19

0.035

22

16

0.01

22

16

0.001

Frail

0

1

 

0

2

 

0

0

 

GDS

<5

10

9

0.739

11

16

0.025

6

14

0.021

≥5

12

13

 

11

6

 

16

8

 

HMSE

<24

12

13

0.564

13

12

0.564

13

10

0.083

≥24

10

9

 

9

10

 

9

12

 
  1. Paired t-test and Mc Nemar’s Chi-Square test was performed to see the effect within the groups