From: Depression, malnutrition, and health-related quality of life among Nepali older patients
 | Malnourished, n (%) | At risk of malnutrition, n (%) | Normal nutritional status, n (%) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total (Prevalence) | 30 (10.4) | 109 (37.7) | 150 (51.9) | Â |
95% CI for prevalence | 6.9–13.9 | 32.3–43.4 | 46.2–57.6 |  |
Age, years, (mean ± SD) | 69.6 ± 7.4 | 69.6 ± 7.1 | 67.5 ± 5.6 | 0.021 a |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | 0.028 |
 Male | 17 (10.0) | 54 (31.8) | 99 (58.2) |  |
 Female | 13 (10.9) | 55 (46.2) | 51 (42.9) |  |
Ethnicity | Â | Â | Â | 0.157 |
 Upper caste | 13 (9.7) | 43 (32.1) | 78 (58.2) |  |
 Janjatis | 13 (9.7) | 56 (41.8) | 65 (48.5) |  |
 Dalit and minorities | 4 (19.0) | 10 (47.6) | 7 (33.3) |  |
Religion | Â | Â | Â | 0.270 |
 Hindu | 22 (10.0) | 78 (35.5) | 120 (54.5) |  |
 Non-Hindu | 8 (11.6) | 31 (44.9) | 30 (43.5) |  |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | 0.003 |
 Married | 26 (11.3) | 76 (32.9) | 129 (55.8) |  |
 Separated/Widow/Single | 4 (6.9) | 33 (56.9) | 21 (36.2) |  |
Educational status |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Illiterate | 19 (17.0) | 55 (49.1) | 38 (33.9) |  |
 Informal | 8 (8.2) | 33 (34.0) | 56 (57.7) |  |
 Formal | 3 (3.8) | 21 (26.2) | 56 (70.0) |  |
Past Occupation | Â | Â | Â | 0.008 |
 Agriculture | 15 (13.2) | 56 (49.1) | 43 (37.7) |  |
 Homemaker | 4 (7.0) | 21 (36.8) | 32 (56.1) |  |
 Business/job | 8 (8.6) | 24 (25.8) | 61 (65.6) |  |
 Others | 3 (12.0) | 8 (32.0) | 14 (56.0) |  |
Monthly family income (n = 167), $, (mean ± SD) | 164.4 ± 81.3 | 185.8 ± 92.0 | 222.6 ± 87.0 | 0.007 a |
Family Structure | Â | Â | Â | 0.659 |
 Nuclear | 7 (14.9) | 18 (38.3) | 22 (46.8) |  |
 Joint | 18 (8.8) | 79 (38.7) | 107 (52.5) |  |
 Extended | 5 (13.2) | 12 (31.6) | 21 (55.3) |  |
Smoking | Â | Â | Â | 0.606 |
 Yes | 14 (9.0) | 57 (36.8) | 84 (54.2) |  |
 No | 16 (11.9) | 52 (38.8) | 66 (49.3) |  |
Drinker | Â | Â | Â | 0.432 |
 Yes | 7 (7.1) | 38 (38.8) | 53 (54.1) |  |
 No | 23 (12.0) | 71 (37.2) | 97 (50.8) |  |
Self-rated health status | Â | Â | Â | 0.014 |
 Better | 7 (10.1) | 28 (40.6) | 34 (49.3) |  |
 Similar | 8 (5.8) | 48 (34.5) | 83 (59.7) |  |
 Worse | 15 (18.5) | 33 (40.7) | 33 (40.7) |  |
Adequate rest | Â | Â | Â | 0.727 |
 Yes | 9 (11.1) | 33 (40.7) | 39 (48.1) |  |
 No | 21 (10.1) | 76 (36.5) | 111 (53.4) |  |
Working currently | Â | Â | Â | 0.047 |
 Yes | 1 (3.7) | 6 (22.2) | 20 (74.1) |  |
 No | 29 (11.1) | 103 (39.3) | 130 (49.6) |  |
Care taker | Â | Â | Â | 0.168 |
 Son and daughter in law | 20 (13.1) | 60 (39.2) | 73 (47.7) |  |
 Others | 10 (7.4) | 49 (36.0) | 77 (56.6) |  |
Ignored/hated for being old |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Yes | 13 (28.9) | 20 (44.4) | 12 (26.7) |  |
 No | 17 (7.0) | 89 (36.5) | 138 (56.6) |  |
Depression |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Yes | 20 (12.0) | 78 (47.0) | 68 (41.0) |  |
 No | 10 (8.1) | 31 (25.2) | 82 (66.7) |  |
BMI, kg/m2, (mean ± SD) | 22.1 ± 3.1 | 24.2 ± 3.8 | 25.9 ± 3.0 | < 0.001 a |
MNA, (mean ± SD) | 5.7 ± 1.2 | 9.7 ± 1.2 | 12.9 ± 0.8 | < 0.001 a |
GDS Score, (mean ± SD) | 7.8 ± 4.0 | 6.8 ± 3.6 | 4.8 ± 3.5 | < 0.001 a |
EQVAS, (mean ± SD) | 49.7 ± 16.3 | 62.5 ± 16.6 | 70.4 ± 14.7 | < 0.001 a |