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Table 5 Participant’s characteristics by nutritional status

From: Depression, malnutrition, and health-related quality of life among Nepali older patients

 

Malnourished, n (%)

At risk of malnutrition, n (%)

Normal nutritional status, n (%)

p-value

Total (Prevalence)

30 (10.4)

109 (37.7)

150 (51.9)

 

95% CI for prevalence

6.9–13.9

32.3–43.4

46.2–57.6

 

Age, years, (mean ± SD)

69.6 ± 7.4

69.6 ± 7.1

67.5 ± 5.6

0.021 a

Gender

   

0.028

 Male

17 (10.0)

54 (31.8)

99 (58.2)

 

 Female

13 (10.9)

55 (46.2)

51 (42.9)

 

Ethnicity

   

0.157

 Upper caste

13 (9.7)

43 (32.1)

78 (58.2)

 

 Janjatis

13 (9.7)

56 (41.8)

65 (48.5)

 

 Dalit and minorities

4 (19.0)

10 (47.6)

7 (33.3)

 

Religion

   

0.270

 Hindu

22 (10.0)

78 (35.5)

120 (54.5)

 

 Non-Hindu

8 (11.6)

31 (44.9)

30 (43.5)

 

Marital status

   

0.003

 Married

26 (11.3)

76 (32.9)

129 (55.8)

 

 Separated/Widow/Single

4 (6.9)

33 (56.9)

21 (36.2)

 

Educational status

   

< 0.001

 Illiterate

19 (17.0)

55 (49.1)

38 (33.9)

 

 Informal

8 (8.2)

33 (34.0)

56 (57.7)

 

 Formal

3 (3.8)

21 (26.2)

56 (70.0)

 

Past Occupation

   

0.008

 Agriculture

15 (13.2)

56 (49.1)

43 (37.7)

 

 Homemaker

4 (7.0)

21 (36.8)

32 (56.1)

 

 Business/job

8 (8.6)

24 (25.8)

61 (65.6)

 

 Others

3 (12.0)

8 (32.0)

14 (56.0)

 

Monthly family income (n = 167), $, (mean ± SD)

164.4 ± 81.3

185.8 ± 92.0

222.6 ± 87.0

0.007 a

Family Structure

   

0.659

 Nuclear

7 (14.9)

18 (38.3)

22 (46.8)

 

 Joint

18 (8.8)

79 (38.7)

107 (52.5)

 

 Extended

5 (13.2)

12 (31.6)

21 (55.3)

 

Smoking

   

0.606

 Yes

14 (9.0)

57 (36.8)

84 (54.2)

 

 No

16 (11.9)

52 (38.8)

66 (49.3)

 

Drinker

   

0.432

 Yes

7 (7.1)

38 (38.8)

53 (54.1)

 

 No

23 (12.0)

71 (37.2)

97 (50.8)

 

Self-rated health status

   

0.014

 Better

7 (10.1)

28 (40.6)

34 (49.3)

 

 Similar

8 (5.8)

48 (34.5)

83 (59.7)

 

 Worse

15 (18.5)

33 (40.7)

33 (40.7)

 

Adequate rest

   

0.727

 Yes

9 (11.1)

33 (40.7)

39 (48.1)

 

 No

21 (10.1)

76 (36.5)

111 (53.4)

 

Working currently

   

0.047

 Yes

1 (3.7)

6 (22.2)

20 (74.1)

 

 No

29 (11.1)

103 (39.3)

130 (49.6)

 

Care taker

   

0.168

 Son and daughter in law

20 (13.1)

60 (39.2)

73 (47.7)

 

 Others

10 (7.4)

49 (36.0)

77 (56.6)

 

Ignored/hated for being old

   

< 0.001

 Yes

13 (28.9)

20 (44.4)

12 (26.7)

 

 No

17 (7.0)

89 (36.5)

138 (56.6)

 

Depression

   

< 0.001

 Yes

20 (12.0)

78 (47.0)

68 (41.0)

 

 No

10 (8.1)

31 (25.2)

82 (66.7)

 

BMI, kg/m2, (mean ± SD)

22.1 ± 3.1

24.2 ± 3.8

25.9 ± 3.0

< 0.001 a

MNA, (mean ± SD)

5.7 ± 1.2

9.7 ± 1.2

12.9 ± 0.8

< 0.001 a

GDS Score, (mean ± SD)

7.8 ± 4.0

6.8 ± 3.6

4.8 ± 3.5

< 0.001 a

EQVAS, (mean ± SD)

49.7 ± 16.3

62.5 ± 16.6

70.4 ± 14.7

< 0.001 a

  1. Statistically significant p-value are highlighted in bold
  2. ap-value from analysis of variance; all others are from Pearson’s chi-square test
  3. Abbreviation: SD standard deviation, BMI body mass index, MNASF mini nutritional assessment short form cumulative score, GDS Geriatric Depression scale short form cumulative score, EQVAS European quality of life visual analytical scale