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Table 3 Association between change in anti-hypertensive medication and injurious fall (N = 139)

From: Anti-hypertensive medications and injurious falls in an older population of low socioeconomic status: a nested case-control study

 

Unadjusted OR (95% CI)

P-value

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

P-value

Any change in anti-hypertensive medicationa

 No

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Yes

5.66 (2.12–15.15)

< 0.01

3.88 (1.23–12.19)

0.02

Charlson comorbidity index

1.28 (1.08–1.51)

< 0.01

1.28 (1.04–1.58)

0.02

High risk of fallb

6.32 (2.16–18.46)

< 0.01

5.73 (1.60–20.51)

0.01

Visual impairment

2.10 (0.74–6.01)

0.17

  

Exposure to psychotropic medication

2.07 (0.78–5.49)

0.14

  

Polypharmacy

1.83 (0.80–4.19)

0.15

  

Age (years)

0.90 (0.78–1.04)

0.16

  

BMI (kg/m2)

1.05 (0.97–1.14)

0.21

  

Chinesed

2.10 (0.43–10.42)

0.36

  

SBP on admission (mmHg)

1.00 (0.99–1.03)

0.99

  

DBP on admission (mmHg)

1.00 (0.96–1.04)

0.36

  

Hearing impairment

0.55 (0.65–4.75)

0.59

  

Use of walking aidc

18.07 (4.15–78.65)

< 0.01

  

Smoking history

1.31 (0.45–3.76)

0.62

  

Alcohol history

0.85 (0.17–4.31)

0.85

  

Medical history

 Hypertension

0.28 (0.07–1.21)

0.09

0.30 (0.05–1.75)

0.18

 Cerebrovascular accident or transient ischaemic attack

1.50 (0.63–3.59)

0.36

  

 Ischaemic heart disease

0.89 (0.39–2.07)

0.79

  

 Diabetes mellitus

0.99 (0.46–2.17)

0.99

  

 Hyperlipidaemia

0.77 (0.27–2.19)

0.62

  

 Osteoporosis

1.52 (0.44–5.20)

0.50

  

 Cancer

1.76 (0.61–5.09)

0.30

  

 Cognitive impairment

1.00 (0.29–3.45)

1.00

  

Prior history of falls

1.84 (0.79–4.30)

0.16

  

Statin use

0.50 (0.21–1.18)

0.12

  
  1. OR Odds ratio, CI 95% confidence interval, SBP Systolic blood pressure, DBP Diastolic blood pressure
  2. aAny change in anti-hypertensive medication = An addition of a new class of anti-hypertensive medication or an increase in the dosage of the existing medication or a switch to a new class of anti-hypertensive medication
  3. bHigh risk of fall = Defined using Morse Fall Scale risk score of 55 or more.; Polypharmacy = Use of 4 or more chronic medication
  4. cEven though this variable had p < 0.10 in univariate analysis, it was not included in the multivariate analysis as these variables were part of the high fall risk, which we had already adjusted for
  5. Reference group:
  6. dNon-Chinese