A cross-sectional exploratory analysis between pet ownership, sleep, exercise, health and neighbourhood perceptions: the Whitehall II cohort study

Table 4 Association between pet ownership and sleep problems

Problem	Pet owners v Non-owners				Dog owners v owners of other pets
	Unadjusted		Adjusted ^b		Unadjusted^c		Adjusted^d
	OR^a (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p
Trouble falling asleep	0.84 (0.76 to 0.93)	0.001	0.83 (0.75 to 0.92)	0.001	0.82 (0.69 to 0.98)	0.03	0.84 (0.69 to 1.00)	0.06
Wake several times	0.98 (0.89 to 1.08)	0.68	1.03 (0.93 to 1.13)	0.62	1.04 (0.88 to 1.23)	0.64	1.04 (0.88 to 1.24)	0.62
Cannot stay asleep	0.98 (0.89 to 1.08)	0.75	1.00 (0.91 to 1.11)	0.97	1.04 (0.88 to 1.23)	0.61	1.06 (0.89 to 1.26)	0.53
Wake as usual but feel tired	1.14 (1.03 to 1.26)	0.01	1.16 (1.04 to 1.28)	0.01	1.01 (0.85 to 1.21)	0.87	1.03 (0.86 to 1.23)	0.75
Disturbed sleep	1.01 (0.91 to 1.11)	0.91	1.01 (0.91 to 1.11)	0.88	0.98 (0.83 to 1.16)	0.79	1.00 (0.84 to 1.20)	0.96

^aodds ratios and confidence intervals calculated from proportional odds regression models
^bpredictors in the model are binary pet ownership, age, number of social activities and longstanding illness
^cpredictors in the model are pet ownership and dog ownership
^dpredictors in the model are pet ownership, dog ownership, age, number of social activities and longstanding illness