Table 2 Baseline of Included studies
Year | First author | Study design | Principle health problem | Mean age in years | SEX | MMSE Inclusion criteria | Final sample size | Intervention | Duration | Control | Main outcomes | Main findings | Risk of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2011 | Hideyuki Hattori [20] | RCT | mild AD | 74.32 | M/F (18/21) | 20–24 | 39 | AT | 12 weeks | Usual care | QOL; ADL; MMSE,WMS-R; GDS, | These results suggested improvement in at least the vitality and the QOL of patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease after art therapy. | unclear |
2016 | Domingo J [21] | Double-blind RCT | AD | No mention | M/F (54/66) | ≥18 | 120 | MBAS+ ChEIs; CST+ ChEIs; PMR + ChEIs | 2 years | ChEIs | MMSE; CAMCOG | The mindfulness group showed significant scores compared with the control and muscle relaxation groups. Group cognitive stimulation evolved better than the control group but not better than the muscle relaxation group. | low |
2010 | Yi-Xuan Niu [22] | rater-blind RCT | mild to moderate AD | 79.85 | M/F (25/7) | 10–24 | 32 | CST + ChEIs | 10 weeks | ChEIs | NPI; MMSE | The study showed that cognitive stimulation therapy has significant efficacy in lowering apathy and depression symptomatology and in the Mini Mental State Examination in patients with mild to moderate AD. | low |
2006 | L Ta′rraga [23] | single-blind, pilot RCT | AD | 76.7 | F (84.78) | 18–24 | 43 | CST + ChEIs | 24 weeks | ChEIs | ADAS-Cog;MMSE | Cognitive stimulation treatment improved cognition in patients who were treated with a stable dose of ChEI, compared with those who were treated only with ChEIs. | unclear |
2015 | Grazia D’Onofrio [24] | single-blind RCT | AD | 78.19 | M/F (42/48) | ≥10 | 90 | CST + ChEIs | 6-month | ChEIs | MMSE;CDR;HAMD | The study showed that the integrated treatment of RTP with CS in AD patients for 6 months improved significantly cognition, depressive and neuropsychiatric symptoms, fuctional status, and mortality risk in comparison with a group of AD patients receiving only RTP. | low |
2013 | Susanna Bergamaschi [25] | single-blind RCT | AD | 77.96 | no mention | 18–24 | 32 | CT + ChEIs | 1 year | ChEIs | MMSE; MODA; CSDD; ADL | The study found that patients who participated in the CT intervention showed improvement in several cognitive measures and did not experience any decline on neuropsychological tests or in activities of daily living. | low |
2016 | Hannu Kautiainen [26] | multicenter, RCT | AD and their spousal caregivers | 77.83 | F (38.57%) | no mention | 161 | HE; GE | 1 year | drug naive | CDT; VF; CDR,MMSE | The study found that participation in a long-term, customized home exercise program may have some effect, albeit modest, on executive function in individuals with AD | unclear |
2016 | Guler Duru Asiret [27] | RCT | mild and moderate AD | 82.05 | M/F (20/41) | 10–24 | 62 | RT | 12 weeks | Not reported | GDS; MMSE; ADL | We found reminiscence therapy to have a beneficial effect on the cognitive status and depression in institutionalized patients with mild to moderate AD in our study. | unclear |
2013 | Peter Van Bogaert RN [28] | a pilot RCT | older adults with probable AD | 84 | F (82.9%) | no mention | 82 | RT | 4 weeks | Not reported | MMSE,FAB,NPI,CSDD,GDS-30 | The pilot study results showed positive effects associated with individual thematically-based reminiscence on well-being such as depressive symptoms and cognition of participants. | high |
2011 | Massimo Venturelli [29] | RCT | the later stages of Alzheimer’s disease | 84 | M (14.28%) | 5–15 | 21 | WP | 24 weeks | Not reported | ADL; MMSE | The WG showed significant improvement in the 6WT and ADLs, while WG decreased in MMSE. | low |