Table 1 Outcome Measures for Residents and Staff

Resident’s Autonomy, Control & Quality-of-Life

Adult Social Care Outcomes Toolkit (ASCOT): Care home interview schedule (CHINT-3); Care Home Resident Interview Schedule (CHResidentINT3); Care Home Observation Schedule (CHOBS3) [34]

Interview with resident and staff, and observation. ASCOT measures 8 domains: control of daily life; personal cleanliness and comfort; food and drink; personal safety; social participation and involvement; occupation; accommodation cleanliness and comfort; and dignity). Each domain is scored from 0 (high needs) to 3 (no needs) and is weighted to provide a final current QOL score. Inter-rater reliability: r = 0.618 (p < 0.001). Internal reliability Cronbach’s alpha = .71(Netten et al., 2010)

x

x

x

x

x

Resident’s Social Engagement

Social Identification and Satisfaction (SIS) [35]

By interview. SIS measures social identification and integrity and consists of 17 items organized into three subscales: social identification, satisfaction with lounge and satisfaction with life in the home. Each item is rated from 1 (completely disagree) to 7 (completely agree). Reliability Cronbach’s alpha = .70.

x

x

x

Physical Function

Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) (Guralnik et al., 1994) [36]

By interview. Battery consists of 3 tests: balance test, gait speed test and chair stand test. ICC = 0.82; reliability of gait speed test ICC = 0.79; reliability of chair stand test r = 0.80; reliability of tandem balance test is low (r = 0.22)(Puthoff, 2008)

x

x

x

Depression

Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (Alexopolous et al., 1988) [37]

19 items rated on severity based on interview with resident and staff. Each item is scores from 0 (absent) to 2 (severe) and a total score > 7 suggest high probability of clinical depression. It has internal consistency Cronbach’s alpha = 0.84; inter-rater reliability range: 0.67–0.74

x

x

x

x

x

Daily function

Disability Assessment for Dementia (DAD)(Gelinas et al., 1999) [38]

Informant-complete: 40 items which measures basic activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living and leisure activities. Each item is categorized into cognitive dimensions of initiation, planning and organisation and effective performance. Each item can be scored as yes (1), no (0), or not applicable. Test-retest reliability: .96; inter-rater reliability: .95 and internal consistency Cronbach’s alpha = .96.

x

x

x

Agitation

Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI) (Cohen-Mansfield, 1989) [39]

By interview: 29 items measuring agitated behaviours in elderly person. Each item is rated on frequency from 1 (never) to 7 (several times an hour). Cronbach’s alpha 0.75–0.91(in different studies); test-retest r: 0.79–0.9; inter-rater correlations: 0.76–0.96

x

x

x

Satisfaction with Work

Nursing Home Nurse Aide Job Satisfaction Questionnaire (NHNA-JSQ) (Castle et al., 2007) [40].

NHNA-JSQ is a 21 item measure (each item rated from 1- very poor to 10 - excellent) and has seven subscales – (1) Coworkers (the relation that the person has with other workers in the facility), (2) Workplace Support (resources and demands of the job), (3) Work Content (the complexity and challenge of the work), (4) Work Schedule (time pressures), (5) Training (preparation required for position, (6) Rewards (benefits of the job) and (7) Quality of Care (how well nurse aides perceive residents are being cared for). The NHNA-JSQ has good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha > .74).

x

x

x

Person-Centred Care Approach

Person-Centered Care Assessment Tool (P-CAT) (Edvardsson et al., 2010) [41]

P-CAT is a13 item measure (1 = disagree completely to 5 = agree completely). The P-CAT measures the degree to which staff engage in person-centred care and has three subscales – personalising care (the degree to which staff and the organisation adhere to person-centred care), organisational support (the degree to which the organisation supports staff to engage in person-centred care) and environmental accessibility (the degree to which residents can access their immediate environment). The P-CAT has good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.84) and high retest reliability (r = .7–.9).

x

x

x