Table 2 Sample characteristics at baseline
|  | Overall | G1 (n = 39) | G2 (n = 18) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 57) |  |  | ||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
Age (M, SD) | 74.56, 8.09 | 74.36, 7.70 | 75.00, 9.10 | 0.829a |
Gender | ||||
 Male | 8 (14.0) | 7 (17.9) | 1 (5.6) | 0.414c |
 Female | 49 (86.0) | 32 (82.1) | 17 (94.4) |  |
Marital status | ||||
 Single | 32 (56.1) | 21 (53.8) | 11 (61.1) | 0.607b |
 Married | 25 (43.9) | 18 (46.2) | 7 (38.9) |  |
Dwelling status | ||||
 Live alone | 18 (31.6) | 13 (33.3) | 5 (27.8) | 0.675b |
 Live with relatives | 39 (68.4) | 26 (66.7) | 13 (72.2) |  |
Education level | ||||
 No education | 20 (36.4) | 10 (26.3) | 10 (58.8) | 0.068c |
 Primary | 21 (38.2) | 17 (44.7) | 4 (23.5) |  |
 Secondary or above | 14 (25.5) | 11 (28.9) | 3 (17.6) |  |
Religion | ||||
 None | 20 (37.0) | 11 (30.6) | 9 (50.0) | 0.159c |
 Christianity & Catholicism | 10 (18.5) | 9 (25.0) | 1 (5.6) |  |
 Oriental religions | 24 (44.4) | 16 (44.4) | 8 (44.4) |  |
Employment status | ||||
 Not work before | 25 (43.9) | 13 (33.3) | 12 (66.7) | 0.110c |
 Blue collar | 14 (24.6) | 12 (30.8) | 2 (11.1) |  |
 White collar | 8 (14.0) | 7 (17.9) | 1 (5.6) |  |
 Others | 10 (17.5) | 7 (17.9) | 3 (16.7) |  |
Income | ||||
 Without | 26 (46.4) | 15 (39.5) | 11 (61.1) | 0.129b |
 With | 30 (53.6) | 23 (60.5) | 7 (38.9) |  |
Fear for financial difficulty | ||||
 No | 51 (89.5) | 37 (94.9) | 14 (77.8) | 0.072c |
 Yes | 6 (10.5) | 2 (5.1) | 4 (22.2) |  |
IADL with difficulty | ||||
 No | 45 (78.9) | 33 (84.6) | 12 (66.7) | 0.165c |
 Yes | 12(21.1) | 6 (15.4) | 6 (33.3) |  |
Number of medical diagnosis (M, SD) | 1.44, 1.337 | 0.92, 0.929 | 2.56, 1.439 | 0.005a |
Leisure activities+ | ||||
 Exercise (Yes/No) | 50 (87.7) | 35 (89.7) | 15 (83.3) | 0.241d |
 Travel | 34 (59.6) | 25 (64.1) | 9 (50.0) |  |
 Voluntary work | 39 (68.4) | 31 (79.5) | 8 (44.4) |  |
 Watch TV | 50 (87.7) | 35 (89.7) | 15 (83.3) |  |
Sleeping problem | ||||
 None | 37 (64.9) | 30 (76.9) | 7 (38.9) | 0.014c* |
 1–4/week | 15 (26.3) | 7 (17.9) | 8 (44.4) |  |
  > 4/week | 5 (8.8) | 2 (5.1) | 3 (16.7) |  |
Satisfaction about general support | ||||
 Unsatisfied | 3 (5.3) | 0 (.0) | 3 (16.7) | 0.009c* |
 Neutral | 16 (28.1) | 9 (23.1) | 7 (38.9) |  |
 Satisfied | 38 (66.7) | 30 (76.9) | 8 (44.4) |  |
GDS (M, SD) | 3.23, 2.236 | 1.95, 1.372 | 6.00, 0.840 | 0.000a** |
BI (M, SD) | 19.74, 0.835 | 19.92, 0.27 | 19.33, 1.372 | 0.033a* |
LIS-A (M, SD) | 12.10, 3.132 | 12.92, 2.667 | 10.31, 3.385 | 0.005a* |
RSES (M, SD) | 7.25, 2.029 | 7.97, 1.460 | 5.67, 2.223 | 0.000a** |
GHQ (M, SD) | 22.31, 7.629 | 20.32, 6.298 | 26.61, 8.624 | 0.005a* |